Intro

Liliana Lopez Caracoza Professor Garchow English 085 November, 13, 2012 Bill Maxwell, Start Snitching, St. Pettersburg Times, September 2007 In the article written by Bill Maxwell, he talks about the black to black violence in poor neighborhoods. He explains on more depth how many deaths have been placed in the last years. People do not contribute to the arrest of the murders, sometimes they are afraid to speak against gang members or other criminal members.Mr. Maxwell gave some facts about the deaths of blacks and he keeps adding people to his Wall of Black Death. A group in Tampa already organized a group called â€Å"don’t snitch†, all the people involved in the program relate to the death of a black relative that died. He gave great example and anecdotes about the crimes from black to black citizens and how the community needed to respond to the continued growing violence towards blacks.Robert Phansalkar, Stop Snitching’ Won’t Stop Crime, University of Wisconsin, 2007 The Article written by Robert Phansalkar, about the diverse communities that do not receive security help from the government. The article explain in detail most of the problems why they do not receive the help necessary, but it actually be helpful if he added statistics on his work.The movement by different rappers and media personalities did not help the growing violence in the most dangerous parts of the poor communities, which are the most dangerous. Gang violence is a part well explain in the article Stop Snitching’ Won’t Stop Crime. Police did not receive any information on the people the attackers and their victims, an example was the rapper Cameron Giles, which was part of the program and did not participate in investigations on his accident. In summary the program did not work.

A Brief History Of The Internet Origins

By default, any definitive history of the Internet must be short, since the Internet (in one form or another) has only been in existence for less than 30 years. The first iteration of the Internet was launched in 1971 with a public showing in early 1972. This first network, known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) was very primitive by today's standards, but a milestone in computer communications. ARPANET was based upon the design concepts of Larry Roberts (MIT) and was fleshed out at the first ACM symposium, held in Gaithersburg, TN in 1966, although RFPs weren't sent out until mid 1968. The Department of Defense in 1969 commissioned ARPANET, and the first node was created at the University of California in Los Angeles, running on a Honeywell DDP-516 mini-computer. The second node was established at Stanford University and launched on October first of the same year. On November 1, 1969, the third node was located at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the fourth was opened at the University of Utah in December. By 1971 15 nodes were linked including BBN, CMU, CWRU, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, MIT, NASA/Ames, RAND, SDC, SRI and UIU(C). In that same year, Larry Roberts created the first email management program. As a side note, Ray Tomlinson is the person who established the â€Å"@† sign as a domain/host designator from his Model 33 Teletype. The first international connection to ARPANET is established when the University College of London is connected in 1973, and RFC-454 â€Å"File Transfer Protocol† was published. 1973 was also the year that Dr. Robert Metcalf's doctoral thesis outlined the specifications for Ethernet. The theory was tested on Xerox PARCs computers. 974 saw the launch of TELNET public packet data service. UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol) was developed at AT&T Bell Labs in 1976, and distributed with UNIX the following year. 1978 saw the split of TCP into TCP and IP. In 1979 the first MUD (Multi-User Domain) was created by Dr. Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw from the University of Essex, and was the foundation for multi-player games (among other things). This event marked the gradual decline of productivity over the Internet. In 1981 a cooperative network between CUNY (City University of New York) and Yale was established. This network was called BITNET (Because It's There NETwork) and was designed to provide electronic mail transfer and list serve services between the two institutions. RFC-801 â€Å"NCP/TCP Transition Plan† was published that same year. It was because of the growing interconnectivity of new networks that the phrase â€Å"Internet† was coined in 1982, and the Department of Defense also declared TCP/IP to be its defacto standard. The first name server was developed in 1983 at the University of Wisconsin, allowing users to access systems without having to know the exact path to the server. 1983 also saw the transition from NCP to TCP/IP, and it was at this same time that ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET. 68 of the current 113 existing nodes were assigned to MILNET. It was also in 1983 that a San Francisco programmer, Tom Jennings wrote the first FidoNet Bulletin Board System, which was capable of allowing both email and message passing over the Internet between networked BBSs by 1988. In 1984, the number of hosts on the Internet broke 1000, and DNS (Domain Name Services) was introduced. Moderated newsgroups also made their first appearance this year, although it would be almost a year and a half before NNTP (Network New Transfer Protocol) would be introduced. In 1985, the WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) was launched out of Sausalito California, allowing San Francisco Bay Area users free access to the Internet. The Internet had grown so fast, and to such large proportions by this time that some control was needed to oversee its expansion, so in 1986, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into existence under the IAB. 1988 Saw the advent of IRC (Internet Relay Chat), developed by Jarkko Oikarinen, and it can be safely assumed that the first â€Å"Hot Chat† took place very shortly afterwards. By 1989 the number of Internet hosts had capped 100,000, and the first commercial Internet mail service was created by MCI. In 1990, ARPANET was finally closed down and ceased to exist. Two other notable events this year include the release of ARCHIE by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill, and the first remotely controlled machine to be linked to the Internet; a toaster (controlled by SNMP). 1991 was the year what WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), was released by Brewster Kahle, of Thinking Machines Corporation; Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill released Gopher from the University of Minnesota, and most notably, World-Wide Web was released by Tim Berners-Lee of CERN. By 1992 the number of hosts on the Internet had exceeded 1,000,000 and the first MBONE audio multicast was made. In 1993 InternNIC was created by, the National Science Foundation (NSF). InterNIC provided a centralized organization for domain name registration, and continues to regulate that function today. As the great, unwashed hordes began to flood into the Internet, it was only natural that vendors would soon follow. So in 1995, the first Internet based â€Å"shopping mall† was opened on the World Wide Web. It was also in this year that the World Wide Web edged out FTP as the most popular service on the Internet. In 1995, Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy opened up Internet access portals, and hundreds of thousands of commercial users flooded into what had previously been the private domain of veteran computer users. The average IQ dropped dramatically at this point. Since 1995, some of the new and/or emerging technologies have included Server Push, Multicasting, Streaming Media, E-Commerce, ASP and XML. Although the Internet started out of military necessity, it is doubtful that its creators could envision its impact, not only on the American culture or the world in general, but on the future of the human race. The Internet will continue to grow and evolve in the years to come, becoming an indispensable channel of communication and a catalyst for human evolution.

Managing Homework

The point of view in managing homework focused on teaching strategy used by the teacher, to convey students to learn subject matter that has been discussed in class. When motivating students to learn, there’s likely to be to be a few students, if not many, do not understand the subject matter. Likewise, effective teaching can be measured by amount of learning the students get. Teachers should find means to let students have greater learning acquired through teaching and learning process. Teaching strategy is one of the factors to consider in determining the degree of learning that takes place. One of the tasks of the teacher’s lesson plan is giving assignments or homework to students. Effective teacher corporate and plan well lesson and incorporate there in the lesson plan the quality homework to ensure thorough learning. Also, a good homework is the one that is structured in the planning ahead of time.  The role of the teacher in the classroom is a good planner and a manager of his or her own class. The teacher should see to it that giving homework would be a part of the teaching strategy that is imparted to students. A good teaching strategy is the one that includes to ensure students homework that are well and properly planned. A good homework reflects teacher’s effective means of managing the student learning process. Thus,† homework should contain consolidated skills†(Newsam, Peter, Teaching and Learning) already taught by the teacher and the students has a wide knowledge of the skills needed to make the homework accomplished. That skill that has been learned and mastered by students is the one to used in the making of the homework. It’s just a sort of applying those skills in real situation outside classroom, that is, the home. So that in they’re respective house, the parents acts as the substitutes in the absence of the teacher. There is still continuous learning that takes though there is absence of teacher’s guidance and motivation. Let us take for example skills acquired in learning counting numbers in mathematics subject. In the classroom teacher in math teaches the students how to count by using four operation skills. Objectively, students have mastered all those acquired skills in the teachers teaching in the classroom. But students of course don’t apply yet thoroughly those skills that have been acquired. Definitely, students should continuously learn at home by applying in real situation. These aspects, of continuous learning at home by making homework will help lessen errors, when the teacher gave the time of assessment to students. So definitely effective learning takes place on the students. There is no hard time for the teacher to teach the students when proper instruction in classroom is given. It is important that you let the students know that you believed on him or her and recognized the effort they’ve done. These statements addresses, â€Å"She needs to see you’re â€Å"in her corner† –they’re to listen, provide support and guidance, and seek help for her† (www.proteacher.com, cited by Speer, 2005), giving importance to the student’s homework. Also the assignment is in line with the present lessoning that teacher taught in the class. This reminds the students that homework should be accomplish since its important. References: 1. Newsam, Peter, Guest Essay. Retrieved October 1, 2006. Teaching and Learning. Retrieved from Microsoft Encarta Premium Suite 2005. 2. Speer, Pat, Editor in chief. July 1, 2005. Managing Change Requires Diligence, Homework and Systematic Approach to CEO’s Office. Retrieved October 1, 2006, from htt//www.proteacher.com/cgi-bin/dispitem.cgi? item=36893&norate=up.            

Anti-Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anti-Globalization - Essay Example Globalization is portrayed as a positive thing from which undeveloped countries can benefit. However an alternative view suggests something else. Some people are of the view that through the excuse of globalization the developed countries are exploiting the weak economies. They are making the undeveloped countries dependant on themselves and would eventually result in making them their slaves. The theory behind the movement was so strong and convincing that it brought together the ideological school of thoughts who believed in anarchism and communism, and the activists who have a much pragmatic approach to life. Before this movement nothing had worked in order to unite these two opposite forces. The ideology behind the movement is as I have previously mentioned, strong economies use the excuse of globalization to further strengthen their economies and in the process drain the weak economies. Basically, globalization is giving rise to accumulation of wealth and power. The strong are getting stronger and the weak weaker. The undeveloped countries have started becoming increasingly dependant on the developed nations and thus the developed countries are in a position to make or break them. One of the ba... They do not understand the basic value systems. For instance Pakistan's electricity company has been taken over by a Saudi company and now Pakistan is facing the worse electricity crisis ever. According to Noreena Hertz, in her book 'The silent takeover' "Corporations have become behemoths, huge global giants that wield immense political power" and in the process of their evolution, "justice, equity, rights, the environment, and even issues of national security fall by the wayside." This as we can see is very true. Another major issue is that anti-globalization activists believe that the concept of intellectual property has been overly dramatized and stretched. Now information and intellectual property which used to be possessed collectively by a country or an ethnic group is being retained by a smaller portion of people. Thus sharing of resources has finished. The people cling on to their intellectual property and share very little of it with others. Thus weaker people can not benefit from it and are at a loss. Generally they are the big companies who have retained this kind of intellectual property thus their market concentration increases. Labor issues are also a major back bone of the movement. Referring back to the privatization of Pakistan electric company we see that the developed countries are influencing the developing countries to privatize their businesses. This is because in their opinion privatization is a good thing and therefore they are forcing others to go for it too. However privatization causes unemployment for many of the employees. There have been many influential works seen in the movement. Examples of them include Naomi Klien's book 'NO Logo'. This book talks about the unethical side of the production processes of the multi

Animal Research in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animal Research in Medicine - Essay Example Technology has helped in the identification and destruction of particular disease causing microorganisms. Due to the intensive research of medicine and treatment methods for certain degenerative or hard disease, scientists have found it secure to use animals for experimentation of new discoveries without direct test on man. However, the use of animals in conducting medical research and experimentation of particular medicines has attracted great controversies from among various stakeholders of the society. Translational research refers to the modeling of human disease by conducting an elaborate animal research. Animal research in its own settings involves the application of technology in the field of medicine to formulate various treatment mechanisms for .hard diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, cancer, stroke, heart attack and HIV/AIDS (Buzzle.com). Animal research has helped in the identification of reactivity of certain medicines on human bodies upon diagnosis on a particular disease. Mice have been used in the testing of appropriate medicine for treating cancerous cells that invade the body of human beings. The National Cancer Institute infected twelve mice with cancerous cells upon which anti-cancer drugs were used to diagnose the abnormalities. Animal research is a very commendable way of eliminating unintended effects or even death in a process believed to be potentially harmful to humans even as scientists seek treatment for various diseases. Animal research and the tests carried in the process offers learning ground for students and biologists to have clear understanding of immune deficiency viruses. In addition, Animal research has helped the scientists and medical professionals to come up with nutritious food for cats. Furthermore, animal research has helped scientists to figure out the reasons behind healthier and long life survival. Dixon further indicates that animal research has helped scientists to introduce peacemakers used in replacing dysfunctional heart. According to Dixon, scientists and medical researchers through the knowledge gathered from animal research have been able to come up with the idea of anesthesia that paralyses individuals thereby reducing pain during surgery. Animal research has helped in the reduction of human suffering as well as reduction of animal suffering through injection with anesthetic medicines (Dixon). Animal research also helps scientists and medical practitioners test toxicity of certain drug by feeding the animals. Like in the US, every drug has to be tested in animals first before official release into to market. Chemicals such as the insecticides and pesticides need to be tested on animals before official sale to the market in order to avoid .side open side effects on human life. Opponents of the use of animal for scientific argue that the act should be prohibited in our societies since the act could be an avenue to breach the rights of animals. The use of animals in re searching prognosis and pathological of disease induces great suffering to the animals. According to Algoe, captivation of animals for use in the research leads to discomfort of the family members. Locking of captivated animal in an enclosed surrounding denies the animal the fundamental freedom of movement from one place to another. Animal research should be prohibited since it sometimes involves compellation of animals the act toxic and

Addictive Behaviours Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Addictive Behaviours - Research Paper Example To better understand what can be done and what the genetic component to addiction means, we first have to analyse the concept of addiction and then examine how the genetic model compares with several other models which explain addictive behaviour as well as the reality that we have in treating and handling addiction as it dealt by with the courts of law and a morally guided culture. The Concept of Addiction As discussed by Peele et. al. (1998) the basic concept of addiction can be understood as the visible, quantifiable, and often pathological activity of an individual that displays its inability to leave a habit which creates a desire for a physical substance or the engaging in a particular act. This concept was further developed by Compton (2001) who adds that the addictive behaviour may be due to a mental or a physical dependence which is based on a person’s habit. This is certainly an improvement over the common understanding of addiction in which a person is said to be addicted if s/he continues to use a substance despite causing harm to his/her person. When a person is at such a state, the addictive behaviour exhibited by the individual can increase with time. This increase can be represented in several ways which include an increase in the amount or the frequency of using the addictive substance or exhibiting the addictive behaviour.

ITM 501 Mgt. Information. System. and Bus. Strategy SESSION LONG Essay

ITM 501 Mgt. Information. System. and Bus. Strategy SESSION LONG PROJECT 1 FRITO-LAY, NASA & GOOGLE - Essay Example The definition of Knowledge management is similar in the three cases and there is a clear focus on accumulating all the knowledge that is available across the organization to build one strong and effective knowledge database. The three companies have faced several problems. Taking the case of Frito Lays, it is clear that the company faced the issue of working unnecessarily to find customers and for sales. It is noted that all the employees worked on the same processes to gain the same information. In the case of NASA, the problem that the organization faces is that it needed a central point for all the information to be provided so all employees in the organization can learn and benefit from the previous mistakes and experiments of others in the organization (DowJones). Also the issue is the amount of risk involved in the space exploration and the human space flights which indeed need a through and well designed and implemented work to ensure that all the NASA employees have the specialized knowledge and are in track with all the events that occur within the company. The lack of centralized point was the main issue of NASA (Murphy and Holm). In the case of Dow Jones, the company has a wide range of data and knowledge and is spread across the over 157 countries with over 23 languages. Hence again the company lacks a well designed and centralized place for all information. The solution implemented by each of the companies is very similar and there is a main idea of developing a centralized control for the company employees to easily access and use to work more effectively (Murphy and Holm). One of the only major differences that is present is that NASA has a more developed and has used higher technology to develop a more complex system, this however is simply due to the nature of the business. The solutions have been

PUBLIC MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PUBLIC MANAGEMENT - Essay Example This was seen to have fewer negative effects on other objectives and considerations that governments may have in considering projects and offering of services to citizens in a country. Studies reveal that the new public management philosophy is more outcome and efficiency oriented as it employs better management techniques for public budgets and other key objectives with public interest. The techniques applied may include: the application of competition such is evidenced in the private sector, public organizations through the emphasis on leadership and economic principles, and a range of other approaches. Secondly, such an approach encourages new developments via the process of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller and more fragmented ones. This can be done through the introduction of competition between different public agencies, and between public agencies against private firms. Or, it can be achieved through incentivization while basing the change purely on more economic line s. This will allow the alignment of events towards the natural capitalistic systems that already exist within the markets. Furthermore, this is one of the easiest ways to impose values and techniques on the private sector management into the public sector organization and improve service and product delivery at the very same time. Incentivization theme On the other hand, it is important to look at one of the themes applied in public reform in forming the basis of furthering the paper discussion. Incentivization is a process that facilitates the shifting away from the involvement of managers and staffs rewarding performance in terms of a diffusing public or professional ethos and instead shifting towards a greater emphasis on financial-based and specific performance incentives (Lane 2000, p.54). This, in terms of the public sector, implied that there is a movement involving a down group and at the same time a down grid with relation to the existing cultural theories. It is said that the impact of this particular involvement has been marked by many professional groups that then chose to focus upon this as a means of encouraging an improved level of performance. Studies show that ‘incentivization’ mechanisms show the highest percentage of emerging the ‘new public management’ developments. This is evident because of an increased diversity involving public agencies in several countries to include: the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States. However, the expectations that performance related pay will improve performance of agency staffs has oftentimes been viewed as impossible by many scholars/researchers. Recent reforms in the United States Suggestions from an array of studies show that, the United States has engaged in various reforms within the past several decades; from healthcare to taxes and other sectors of the economy and society. Regarding the incentivization theme, it has been found that the current United States corpora te tax codes have had a large impact of incentivizing companies to relocate their business operations to other countries; thereby making these companies more multinational. This has been viewed as a technique of providing employment that will

Benchmark progress towards sustainability Article

Benchmark progress towards sustainability - Article Example This can be simply put as the effects of the product to the external environment in its entire lifecycle. The third strategy is clean technology also referred to as cleantech. This involves use of renewable energy like solar, wind and biofuels to avoid over utilization of non renewable natural resources. The fourth and final strategy is existence authenticity. This is about the existence and the strategic plan and vision of the company and its effect on social and environmental problems (Hart, 1997). Sustainability has been built since the shift from coal to oil and from gas to electricity light. Hoffman feels that business in the key to elimination of greenhouse gases. This is through building a reputation for clean companies all over the world, also by anticipation of climatic change regulations and human resource management, reduction of operational costs and also being influential in information on sustainability. Chevron Corporation is one of the biggest energy companies in the world based in California. It operates in over a hundred and eighty countries. Chevron formerly known as SoCal is the second largest oil company in the United States and eleventh in the world. It is based in America and it’s a multinational corporation with its headquarters in San Ramon California. It is involved with gas, oil and geothermal exploration, refining, marketing and generation of power. The company has over 11000 wells of natural gas in the United States. The company manufactures lubricants, petrochemicals, additives and fuels which it also sells in the downstream. It contributes billions of dollars to the US economy (Chesser, 2010). In 2008, Chevron was ranked top among companies in California for sustainability reporting after scoring an A+. This shows that the company has put more efforts in sustainability after a series of scandals and lawsuits

Comparison of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution Essay

Comparison of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution - Essay Example The Constitution responds to that requirement. The most apparent forms of Constitutional response can be found in its architecture. Government powers are divided into executive, judicial, and legislative branches (Allen 1). The legislative takes the central position; it is well elaborated in Article 1 and it bears the most careful description of principles and powers of representation. This fulfills the Declaration concerns in which particular tyrannical oppressions are listed; the Declaration lists ten executive power violations, one judicial power violation, and fourteen legislative power violations. The legislative powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and they serve as a template through which the charges made against the King may be assessed as mainly one or the other tendency. The Constitution offered protection where the experience written in the Declaration recognized dangers. A similar pattern is shown in the Bill of Rights, which opens with a strong limit, â€Å"Congr ess shall make no law †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Allen 1). Both documents affirm that the legislative powers go back to the people. Every charge made against King can be transformed into positive assertions of the government’s obligations. ... The liberty of citizens entails free movement of a person into and out of the nation. The judicial power must be independent of the will of the executive, and they must be given the power to render justice to individuals. The citizens are not supposed to be burdened with the (excessive) need to sustain public officers. Public liberty and the military administration are not compatible, and the military ought to be subordinate to and reliant on the civil power (Allen 1). Second, both the Constitution and the Declaration hold the principle of equality. The most compelling evidence of the Constitution’s principles is offered in its architecture. Furthermore, considerable dimensions are contained in the tenor and the language of the document. The Preamble has generally been identified as keynoting the document in its recognition of â€Å"â€Å"We the People† as the authorizing power of the government established under the Constitution† (Allen 1). This responds to the instance made by the Declaration that the public good is the purpose of a limited constitutional union. Additionally, it further argues that the artificial and political bodies do not create the United States of America. It is the people who exercise a native God-given right have the ability to do so (Allen 1). It is important to note that the authorizing individuals are recognized in the document as fully entitled to serve within the government and to gain from its ministrations. The Constitution has its own terms, which determine an individual eligible to hold office. The individuals are distinguished based on citizenship restrictions and by reasonable age. The document does not admit any religious test, and no gender or race is excluded. In other words,

Data, information, and Organizational knowledge Essay - 3

Data, information, and Organizational knowledge - Essay Example ers’ orders are met on time and for a transaction to be complete it must pass all stages of the transaction process that is collection, storage, modification and retrieval. The second type of IS is decision support system which are generally computer based systems and subsystems intended to help decision makers use communications technologies, data, documents, knowledge and/or models to complete decision process tasks. . In most situation, it may be aimed at business executives or knowledge worker. The third type of IS is EIS (Executive Information System) that facilitates and supports overall management of an organization information and decision-making needs. This system specifically targets the needs of the upper management, and helps to provide useful information to the management in order to help facilitate decision making. It involves the computers, network, people and procedures. The forth type of information system is OAS (Office Automation system) refers to a type of system that facilitate information exchange between people in an organisation. A variety of office automation systems are now applied to business and communication functions that used to be performed manually or in multiple locations of a company, such as preparing written communications and strategic planning. The main benefit is that the more freely the information flows the more its productivity. The final type of information system is ES (expert systems) is a computer based decision tool that uses procedures that exhibits, within a specific domain to solve difficult decision making problems, based on the knowledge acquired from the expert. Instant messaging software like what’s up and 2go are good example of information systems. They lie under database information systems and categorized under communication driven DSS.DSS that are communication driven have primary purpose to help conduct a meeting or for users to collaborate. The internet messaging software allows a group of people

Social Issues Surrounding Child Welfare Services Essay Example for Free

Social Issues Surrounding Child Welfare Services Essay Children are part of a family, while a family is a basic unit of social structure representing a single household in a community. The need to address the issues and problems surrounding these two social groups is a social concern that has led to the creation of different social welfare and development organizations and units.   For the purpose of identifying the issues and problems surrounding family and child welfare, let us not take family and child as two different social actors. As Shireman wrote in the book â€Å"Critical Issues in Child Welfare,† â€Å"There is no dichotomy between the welfare of the child and the welfare of the family. Any policy that supports family life supports the welfare of children. Child welfare is, therefore, about the welfare of children and families† (1). In the United States, despite the continuous attempt of the government and other welfare organizations to eradicate the problems related to family and child welfare programs and services, different issues still persist to question the policies created to address such problems. In order to identify this problems and issues, let us first briefly discuss the background of this problem. Family and Child Care in U.S. According to a press release from US Census Bureau News, in 2004, 61 percent or approximately 45 million of the United States’ 73 million children population, with ages 18 years and below, were living with their biological parents. Of these 45 million children, over 42.2 million lived with married foster parents, while approximately 4.1 million lived with stepfather and biological mother. Meanwhile, 19.3 million children in the U.S. lived with one parent particularly with single mother. More to this, an estimated 12.2 million children witch is 17% of children’s population lived with half sibling, stepparent, and/or stepsibling. Concerning the family and child welfare services program, the U.S. government in the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1993 created the Family Preservation and Support Services which aims to encourage the State â€Å"to develop, establish, and operate a program of community-based family support services and family preservation services† (Layzer, Goodson, Bernstein, and Price ii). The family support program offers related services and programs to families in the given communities. Meanwhile, the family preservation services give assistance to families who are experiencing family problems and crisis. Moreover, this program also encompasses the children’s issues and problems. Issues Surrounding Family and Child Welfare Family and child welfare policies, being a social concern, have been subjected to criticism by different groups in the society like media, non-government organizations, cause groups, and even state legislators. Consequently issues on family and child welfare surfaced, ranging from difficulties in identifying and measuring the extent of involvement and intervention of the state in solving marital and familial issues to the availability of funds to support the different programs relating to family and child welfare. With regard to state intervention in cases of child abuse and violence, unless the family violence has been judged seriously enough for court intervention, the child could be detached from his or her parent’s home and brought to a foster home. In this situation, problems arose concerning the basis of measurement used in identifying the seriousness or weight of the abuse or violence inflicted on the child. The child’s separation from his or her family, particularly from his mother, was perceived to be critical and dangerous to the child. Thus, it is the abuser who should leave the home and face the consequence of his action. As Schechter and Edleson put it, â€Å"intervention should ensure the child’s safety, help the mother protect herself and her children, and hold the perpetrator of the violence accountable† (qtd. in Shireman 44). The issues of whether a child should stay short-term or long-term in the foster home or with their foster parent or kinship’s care is also subjected to critical issues concerning the possible effects of their detachment from their family. Most child welfare services are confronted with hard decisions of whether to satisfy the other needs (including the education) of children or just provide them with what is necessary like safety, nurture, guidance, food, and clothing. Linked to this issue are the roles of the courts, law enforcement, and child welfare services (Shireman 53). The state’s budget allocation for family and child welfare is also a subject of controversial issues. Financial analysts noted that the funds for family and child welfare programs were often misused. An estimated $20 billion is being spent yearly for different child welfare programs and services. While a huge amount is being dedicated to child welfare support programs, only little amount is allocated for preventing child neglect and abuse (Urban Institute n.p.). In addition to this, despite the budget allocation for the health component of child welfare, many foster children are not provided with an access to needed mental and health care services (Geen, Sommers, and Cohen 1). Furthermore, the low budget allocated for hiring social workers often leads to employment of staffs that are less qualified and are not professionally trained to work in such program and service (Shireman 3). Another problem is related to the issues involved in kinship care being an alternative foster care for abused and neglected children instead of placing them in child care homes. Like in child care housing, the kin care givers are also entitled to child-only payments coming from Temporary Assistance for Needy Families as fees or incentives for their hardship and services. Among the support services that kin care givers must receive are state subsidies for child care and housing and food stamps. Yet, many kin care givers fail to receive such support services (Urban Institute n.p.). In addition, the state is unable to monitor the condition of a child placed in kinship care. As a result, the child care programs designed to â€Å"reunite them with their parents or find them an adoptive home† were not implemented (Macomber, Geen and Main 1). Lastly, the shortage of foster homes due to increased number of referrals and increasing number of women employment also poses problems in child care program. Such scarcity questions the protection and safety being provided for children. In addition, foster home shortages also make it difficult to conduct thorough assessment on children whether they should stay long-term or short-term in foster home (Shireman 253). Looking at these issues and problem, we could say that without properly addressing the problem of family and child care welfare, the occurrence of family abuse and neglect, homelessness, family conflicts, and others is likely to continue. Thus, proper solution should consider prevention than cure. Works Cited Geen, Rob, Anna S. Sommers, and Mindy Cohen, M. â€Å"Medicaid Spending on Foster Children.† The Child Welfare Research Program Brief No. 14 August 2005: 1-11. 7 Apr. 2009. http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/311221_medicaid_spending.pdf. Layzer, Jean I., Barbara D. Goodson, Lawrence Bernstein, and Cristofer Price. National Evaluation of Family Support Programs Final Report: Volume A: The Meta-Analysis. Cambrigde: Abt. Associates Inc., 2001. 7 Apr. 2009. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/abuse_neglect/fam_sup/reports/famsup/fam_sup_vol_a.pdf. Macomber, Jennifer., Ehrle, Rob Geen, and Regan Main. â€Å"Kinship Foster Care: Custody, Hardships, and Services.† Snapshots of America’s Families III No. 14 Nov. 2003: 1-2. 7 Apr. 2009. http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/310893_snapshots3_no14.pdf. Shireman, Joan F. Critical Issues in Child Welfare. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. Urban Institute. â€Å"Child Welfare: A Program of the Urban Institute.† Urban Institute: Issues in Focus. 2009. 7 Apr. 2009. http://www.urban.org/toolkit/issues/childwelfare.cfm. U.S. Census Bureau News.   â€Å"Majority of Children Live With Two Biological Parents.† U.S. Census Bureau. 17 Nov. 2008. 7 Apr. 2009. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/children/011507.html

The Harvard Model of HRM Management Essay

The Harvard Model of HRM Management Essay Introduction The closing of the twentieth century has given rise to a vast debate concerning the response of human resource management to the changing external and internal environment of the firm. The late 1990s found the literature somehow settled on the necessity of strategic HRM, but concerned about the new roles that the HR function should adopt in order to meet contemporary organizational challenges (e.g. Kochan, 1997).The strategic role of the HR function means being involved in strategic planning from the outset and not only during the implementation phase and matching employee resources with business needs. This role is expected to occupy significantly more of the HR practitioners time in the future (Anderson, 1997). However, this does not mean that the administrative role will cease to exist, although there is an inherent tension between the outlook required for a strategic HR role and that of the HR specialist in a traditional role (Beer, 1997). One of the important aspects of the chan ging environment especially relevant to management is the information revolution HRM MODEL The early HRM Model Devanna( 1984) emphasizes the interrelatedness and coherence of HRM activities. The HRM cycle in this model consists of four key components: Selection, appraisal, Development and rewards. (figure ). These four HR activities aim to increase organisational performance .The weakness of the model is its apparent perspective nature, it ignores the shareholders interest. The strength of the model, however, is that it express the coherence of internal HR policies. Figure Devanna (1984) model of HRM. The Harvard model of HRM The analytical framework of the Harvard model offered by Beer et al .consists six basic components: Situation factors Stakeholder interests HRM policy choices HR outcomes Long-term consequences Feedback loop through which the output flow directly into the organisation and to the stakeholders Source: (Beer et al 1984) Rationale for  HRM evaluation The notion that HR function should move beyond its administrative and controlling roles and value has been popular in the US management for long time. Druker, theAmerican management guru, suggested , for example that HR Department should behave differently and demonstrate its strategic capabilities , needing itself away from concern with the cost of employees to concern with their yield . According to Phllips (1999) , there are seven points in the management thinking and practices that changed the role HR. Organisational change Flexibility and productivity improvements The adoption of HR strategies The increased importance of human capital Increased accountability Partnership relationships The growing use of HR information systems HR Strategy HR strategies are here taken to mean the patterns of decision regarding HR policies and practices that are used by management to design work and select , train, develop, appraise, motivate and control workers Resource based model of HR Strategy Barney argues that four characteristics of resources and capabilities value, rarity, inimitability and non- substitutability- are important in sustaining competitive advantage. From this perspective, collective learning in the workplace on the part of managers and non managers, basically on how to coordinate workers diverse knowledge and skills and integrate diverse information technology , is strategic asset that rivals find to difficult to replicate. Figure 3summarizes the relationship between resources and capabilities strategies and sustain competitive advantage Figure: The relationship between resource endowments, strategies and sustained competitive advantage.. SHAPE Firms resources and capabilities Value Rarity Inimitability Non-substitutability Strategies Sustained competitive advantage Source: Barney (1991) An integrated model of HR Strategy Bamberger and Meshoulam (2000) integrate the two main models of HR strategy , one approach focusing on logic of managerial control , other focusing on the acquisitions of employees . These two dimensions have four different ideal types of dominant HR strategy. Commitment Collaborative Paternalistic Traditional Figure: Categorizing human resource management strategies. Source (Bamberger and Meshoulam, 2000.) The commitment HR strategy is characterised as focus on the internal development of employee and outcome control Traditional HR is focusing on employee competencies and process bases control The collaborative HR strategy focusing on the organisation subcontracting work and the performance of the company The paternalistic HR strategy involves the learning opportunities and internal promotion of the company. HRM and Performance model For HR measure , demonstrating the link between HRM strategy and organisational performance requires the measurement of some sets of variables. The methodology for ensuring high internal validity would ideally permit a calculation of how different HRM strategies or individual practices affect economic performance while controlling the other factors that might influence those performance outcomes. Figure 4 demonstrates a basic model showing that relationship HRM practices and organisation performance. The HRM value model indicates the overall relationship between three elements. HRM HR performance measures at both individual employee and work team levels Organisational performance measure Figure Human Resource management-organisation performance model (Source; Phillips 1999) SHRM SHRM and Organisational performance link HR strategy, through a diverse range of best practices, shapes employee knowledge and skills, enhances work motivation and provides the opportunity and the means for employees to contribute. These three interrelated processes are shown in figure. Central to the model is the notion that HRM research is required to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of SHRM in order to ensure its contribution and value added to the organisation.( Bratton and Gold 2007) Figure 2. A general theory of SHRM -organisation performance link Source :Bratton and Gold 2007, p 552 Strategy: A strategy is an integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage. In the sense, strategies are purposeful and precede the taking of actions to which they apply (Slevin and Covin, 1997). Business-level strategy is designed to provide value to customers and gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific, individual product markets (Dess et al., 1995). Thus, a business-level strategy reflects a firms belief about where and how it has an advantage over its rivals. Business strategies are concerned with a firms industry position relative to competitors (Porter, 1985). Thus, favourably positioned firms may have a competitive advantage over their industry rivals Hierarchy of strategy: Another aspect of strategic management in the multidivisional business organisation concerns the level to which strategies issues apply. Various authors identify different level of strategy. See figure Corporate Business Functional Figure: Hierarchy of strategy decision making. (Bratton and Gold 2007) Corporate level strategy describes a corporations overall direction in terms of its general philosophy towards the growth and the management of its various business units. Such strategies determine the types of business a corporation wants to be involved in and what business unit should be acquired, modified or sold.( Bratton and Gold 2007) Business level strategy deals with decision and actions pertaining to each business unit, the main objective of a business level strategy being to make the unit more completive in its marketplace. Therefore, Porter (1985) formulates the frameworks that describe three competitive strategies: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. (see figure) Figure: Porters competitive strategies. Strategy-HRM fit The link between strategy and human resource practice has been discussed by a number of researchers. Devanna et al.1984 state that the strategy- HRM relationship is essentially an extension of Chandlers structure follows strategy thesis. They argue that management theorists and practitioners begin to realize the importance of human resources as they grapple with the problem of strategy implementation. It was realized that besides establishing a compatible structure, the successful implementation of a strategy also has to be supported by an appropriate human resource system. Relationship between business strategy and HRM According to contingency theory ( Porter, 1985; Schuler and Jackson, 1987), HRM practices must be combined with specific business strategies if they are to enhance organizational performance. Firms that use a cost-reduction strategy must rigorously control and minimize expenses, and strive for greater economies of scale. Efficiency is important for firms to succeed. Behaviour control increases predictability by routinizing the transformation process, this includes the following HRM practices: standard operating procedures, behavioural performance appraisal, close supervision, and feedback. By attempting to regulate action, this approach to HRM focuses on issues such as reliability and efficiency. These arguments lead to the following hypothesis: HRM based on behaviour control is positively related to performance for firms emphasizing cost-reduction as business strategy. HRM based on input control is positively related to performance for firms emphasizing innovation as business strategy HRM based on output control is positively related to performance for firms emphasizing quality-enhancement as business strategy Organisation change perspective SHRM SPERSPECTIVE HRM and TQM According to Dale (1999, p. 9), TQM is the mutual cooperation of everyone in an organization and associated business processes to produce products and services which meet and, hopefully, exceed the needs and expectations of customers. According to Dessler (2000, p. 678), HRM is the policies and practices one needs to carry out the people or human resource aspects of a management position including recruiting, screening, training, rewarding and appraisals Linkage between HRM and TQM HRM and TQM tend to focus on creating such a high performance culture or system. This can be done by the introduction of so-called Best Practices or high performance work practices (HPWPs) that will deliver sustainable competitive advantage towards the organization. In other words, both HRM and TQM focus on creating sustained competitive advantage through high performance work practices such as leadership, empowerment, teamwork, employee development, rotation and pay for performance. Thus, TQM and HRM both underline the existence of forms of HPWS that drive organizations towards excellent performance (Boselie and van der Wiele,2002). Many commentators argue that in order to be fully successful and self-sustaining TQM requires an extensive refashioning of HRM practices (e.g. Dale et al., 1994;), whose elements consist of essentially dimensions of human resource management. Empowerment Empowerment is one of the HRM/TQMs powerful instruments for a quality culture that encourages employee involvement, motivation, satisfaction, deliberate wilfulness to stay and loyalty towards the organization (Geralis and Terziovsky, 2003). One way of empowering employees is to give them the resources, responsibility and authority to plan, organize, implement, measure their work and make decisions that are necessary for them to maximize their contribution towards the organization with efficient and effective operation Training and development Training and development have been recognized as essential to the implementation of HRM/TQM (Snape et al., 1995). It leads to increase employees job involvement, facilitates the updating of skills, leads to an increased sense of belonging, well-being and benefit, increase commitment towards the organization and strengthen the organizations competitiveness (Acton and Golden, 2002). According to Cherrington (1995), a successful training and development program would create more favourable employee attitudes; loyalty and help employees in their personal development and job involvement. Moreover, Zhang (1999) stressed the importance of training and development for continual updating and improvement, identifying one source of human motivation at work as intrinsic motivation and involvement; growing; learning and developing ones self. Reward and recognition Reward and recognition can be defined as benefits, such as increased salary, bonuses and promotion resulting from the annual review of performance, which is conferred for public acknowledgement of superior performance with respects to goals (Juran and Gryna, 1993). Rewards for quality efforts appear to have a significantly positive relationship to employee morale (Kassicieh and Yourstone, 1998). According to Herzbergs (1996) hygiene/motivator theory, recognition is one of the four motivators, which can contribute to employee attitudes (i.e. job involvement) when it is present. Reward and recognition activities are valued by employees, and therefore provide motivation or incentives, if executed appropriately, can, to a certain degree, secure employees involvement to their jobs and make their jobs more enjoyable and thus, creating an overall involvement within the respective organization. Organizational communication Organizational communication can be defined as the process of sharing information with other individuals (Troutt et al., 1995). It is critical within organizations for connecting employees and permits organizations to function, as well as an essential element to the implementation of HRM/TQM (Gray and Laidlaw, 2002) Employee participation Employee participation is a process for empowering members of an organization to make decisions and to solve problems appropriate to their levels in the organization. Cassar (1999) reported employee participation is one of the most researched contemporary management practices, primarily because it is often associated with enhancing employees positive attitudes and behaviours in the workplace. Also, through participation, employees will envision their jobs as more enjoyable, resulting in increasing levels of job involvement towards the organization Customer focus According to Philips (1995), customer focus can be defined as the degree to which a firm continuously satisfies customer needs and expectations. Morrow (1997) reported that customer focus is evident in the job design principle, which emphasizes on (among other things) establishing client relationship and feedback and, in turn, is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction, communication, job involvement and more favourable perceptions of the work outcome. SHRM AND CULTURE SHRM- CULTURE FEXIBILITY RECREMENT AND SELECTION VALUE ANAYSIS HR PLANNING JOB DESIGN EMPLOYEEMENT RELATION TQM INNOVATION Flexibility Rapid advance in technology and the pressure exerted to respond to global markets are said to be having a significant effect on work patterns, work location and work times ,although some survey evidence suggests such claims may be exaggerated ( Taylor 2002) . In planning how to respond, many organisations involve the idea of flexibility . Type of flexibility The flexible firm by Atkinson 91985) identifies four types of flexibility; Functional : a firms ability to adjust and deploy the skills of its employee to match the tack required by its changing workload and production methods Numerical: a firms ability to adjust the level of labour inputs to meet fluctuations in output. Distancing strategies: the replace of internal workers with external subcontractors, referred to as outsourcing Financial: support for the achievement of flexibility through the pay and reward structure. Employment flexibility and HRM Flexibility is an ambiguous and ill-defined concept ( Mayne et al., 1996). The flexibility debate tends to concentrate on the notions of functional and numerical flexibility and the implications of adopting either one or the other. Functional flexibility is usually seen as the ability to respond to changes in business needs by having multi-skilled, adaptable and internally mobile employees (Blyton and Morris, 1992). It requires a skilled and committed workforce that can only be achieved by investing in training and long-term employment relationships and is, therefore, connected with the establishment of internal labour markets and primary sector employment. Numerical flexibility, on the other hand, is the ability of the firm to vary the quantity of work employed to match changes in the business needs. It represents a cost-cutting approach that looks to externalise the employment relationship, and is associated with short-term and precarious employment conditions in the secondary labo ur market segment, under which workers have little incentive or opportunity to be functionally flexible. Flexible working Stredwick and Ellis(2005) suggest key advantages of flexing working . For business, there is the chance to exploit the 24 hours economy and open new labour markets that avoid traditional working hours patterns. Employee seem to like flexible working too, achieving far more in the flexible mode with no desire to go back traditional working patterns. According to the (Department of Trade and Industry, 2003, P 12) there are ranges of possible ways of working hours. They are as bellow. Annualized hours Compressed hours Flexitime Home working Job- sharing Shift-sharing Staggered hours Term-time working INNOVATION

Causes and Impact of Health Inequalities

Causes and Impact of Health Inequalities Background In todays world, the advancements in medical technology and its expansion have improved the overall health of the population. However, inequalities persist within health care and not all people have equal access to it. Why do these disparities still exist in the present day? Understanding why these inequalities exist despite modern advancements has a significant importance in reducing health care inequalities. Aim Understanding health care inequalities and its challenges are the aim of this assignment. It seeks to explain and understand the mechanisms underlying the associations that can be found between the socio-economic statuses of population groups and their quality of health. It also explores life course pathways which mould and influence a persons chances of having a healthy life along with advantages and disadvantages that can affect health from an early age into adulthood. In addition, other factors such as gender, mental illness and disability and ethnicity will also be discussed since they also have a major contribution to inequalities in health. The assignment will focus on research led in the United Kingdom (UK). The United Kingdoms long tradition of research on health inequalities The UK is a high-income society, where greater prosperity and better overall health have been successfully attained without narrowing health inequalities, it can therefore be taken as an example for other societies that manifest similar trends in inequalities (Graham, 2009). Health Inequalities Health inequalities are differences between people or groups due to social, geographical, biological or other factors. These differences have a huge impact, because they result in people who are worst off experiencing poorer health and shorter lives (NICE, 2012). Affordable health care During the 19th century, inequality in health was mostly due to factors such as overcrowding, insufficient availability to local treatment facilities and poor sanitation (Morning 2015). Nowadays, in our industrialized society, these disadvantages have essentially disappeared. Modern hospitals and treatment centres are now commonly accessible across the UK. But not everyone can afford treatment. A study led in 2004 has shown that wealth is correlated with longevity, which demonstrates a strong link between the socio-economic status and mortality. For example, Figure 1 exhibits a pattern of health across income groups in England in 2004. As seen below, the proportion of men and women who deem their health as not good increases from around 15 percent in the richest fifth of English households to around 40 percent in the poorest fifth of households. This significant rise is not only manifested in the majority white population but also in other ethnicities in the UK (Graham, 2009). Figure 1: Proportion of women and men aged 16 and over assessing their health as not good by income quintile based on equivalized household income, England 2003. (Graham, 2009) This can be explained by considering the advantages that people in the higher socio-economic groups have. These advantages can lead to more knowledge about their health and the care available through improved education, or better continuity of care without issues of complying with treatment regiments such as expensive medication. For example, a man with higher income and education levels will have improved health insurance, increased information about the availability of treatments and will more frequently visit the doctor. This can translate into receiving more screenings such as screenings for colorectal cancer and diabetes. Differences between social classes and how they affect health       Landmark studies such as the Black report have shown that not only do social class inequalities still exist, they are also widening over time (DHHS,1980). Social class inequalities have been observed in all ages for all the major diseases. To try and describe social class inequalities in health, various models have been introduced into the UK such as the behavioural/cultural model, the materialist model, the psycho-social model and the life-course model (Steinbach,2009; Bartley and Blane, 2008; Bartley, 2004; DHHS, 1980). These models differentiate the characteristics affecting health that can be observed in different social classes over the whole period of their lives. For example, by describing the differences in behaviour that distinct social classes have, i.e. the behavioural model. Such as their dietary choices between healthy and unhealthy food, their prevalence to being in contact with drugs, alcohol and tobacco or the inclination to pursuing active leisure time such as hobbies in addition to their approach to healthy life choices such as immunisation, contraception and antenatal services (Steinbach 2009; Bartley, 2004; DHHS, 1980). Another model is the materialist model which describes the differences between social classes to the exposure to health hazards. This encompasses hazards such as air pollution, mold, cold, infestations and respiratory hazards that can arise from bad housing for example. The Black report (DHHS,1980) claims that this model is the most decisive factor leading to health inequalities. But many experts outline that since, in the UK, somewhat disadvantaged people receive various kinds of state aids, therefore it can be argued that housing and other materialistic issues are insufficient to account for major inequalities in health outcomes (Steinbach, 2009; Barley, 2004, DHHS, 1980). The psycho-social model on the other hand describes the principle that what people feel can determine changes in the physiology of the body. For example, a stressful social environment produces an emotional response which alters the state of the body through biological changes and can lead to serious conditions such as heart diseases (ODonnell, 2008). Areas affected can be the social interaction that an individual has every day, the work environment and the balance between home and work paired with their efforts and rewards. It has been shown that people with better relationships with their family and friends and who engage in social activities have better prospects to a healthier lifestyle than those who are rather isolated (Campbell, 2010). The last model focuses on patterns of social, psychological and biological advantages and disadvantages that can occur during the lifetime of a person. Factors that can influence a persons life can arise as early as in-utero and in early childhood. These disadvantages can ultimately accumulate and worsen through childhood and adulthood (Steinbach, 2009; Bartley, 2004). For example, individuals who have experienced differences in autonomy or, on the other hand, shame and doubt in childhood will react differently throughout their adult life (Graham, 2009). These models are represented by landmark studies in social class inequalities in health in the UK such as the Black Report (DHHS, 1980), the Whitehall study of British civil servants (spans over 10 years starting in 1967) and the Acheson report (Acheson, 1988). How gender affects health inequalities Many studies and researches have proven that, in industrialized countries such as the UK, women live longer than men but present more prevalence to ill health (Scambler, 2008). Although men have a greater chance of mortality due to injury and suicide in earlier stages of adulthood coupled with common single causes of death in adulthood such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, more women than men go through stages of disabilities, notably in older ages. Mental disabilities have mostly been commonly correlated to anxiety and depressive disorders (Steinbach, 2009; Bartley, 2004; Acheson, 1998). The World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2008 suggested that gender differences in health are a result of both biological factors and social factors such as employment, risk taking behaviour, smoking and alcohol (Campbell, 2010). How ethnicity affects health inequalities Unfortunately, the information on death certificates in the UK do not display ethnicity, and mortality data uses country of birth as a defining factor, therefore ethnical minorities born in the UK cannot be determined. But regular documented studies on ethnical inequalities in mortality (Kelly, 2008) have explained that factors such as, migration processes, defined socio-economic disadvantages and genetic and biological differences between ethnic populations account for differences in mortality. Inequalities in the accessibility to health care The access to health care is a supply concern which describes the quality and quantity of services provided to a person and are defined by the health care system itself. In the UK, the health care system is the National Health Service (NHS), a system that was founded on the principle of fairness, meaning people should get the care they need, not the care they can afford (Steinbach, 2009; Cookson, 2016). The inverse care law, first described by Julian Tudor Hart in 1971, states: The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served (Hart, 1971). Equality of access to health care can be achieved by communities by meeting certain requirements. Factors such as the distance travelled, the transport facilities and communication used, the hospital waiting times, the patient information and knowledge about available treatment and its effectiveness and the costs of all these are considered to contribute to a health care system which is equal to all (Steinbach, 2009; Cookson, 2016). Availability is a determining factor of inequalities in accessibility in health care. Some health care services have been shown to treat population groups differently, denying services to some people and preferring others for a certain treatment. For example, clinicians might have a bias in treating different patients based on individual characteristics even though they have identical needs. The equality in the costs of health care can also be disrupted by imposing costs which differ between people. Or even the information given to different populations can impact the patients outcome. For example, health care organisations who neglect or fail to ensure that everyone is equally conscious to the services available (Goddard and Smith, 2001). The NHS and current health inequality challenges The NHS regularly comes top of international league tables of fairness in health care but it is not perfectly fair. There are inequalities in the volume, quality and outcomes of NHS care received by rich and poor people. These inequalities could get worse as financial austerities start to bite more severely into NHS budgets and may contribute to wider health inequalities in society. These inequalities raise serious concerns about social justice and unfulfilled potential for disadvantaged people to live longer and healthier lives. A research project lead by Richard Cookson in 2012 focused on monitoring fairness of the NHS to make sure inequalities dont get worse and if possible get better. In 2012, the NHS still didnt monitor how inequalities were changing. And NHS decision makers knew that inequalities existed, but they had no way of telling if inequalities were getting better or worse or what influence their decisions were having on inequalities. By monitoring the fairness of the NH S, the results will make sure that everyone, rich or poor, can receive the care they need to live a long and healthy life (Cookson, 2016). Recently, research projects have provided methods of comparing the performance of local NHS areas in tackling inequalities in health care. Alongside similar indicators for wider determinants of health, such as the regularly updated marmot indicators (UCL, 2015). Which review the key areas that need to be improved to make a significant impact on health care inequalities such as strengthening the role and impact of ill health prevention. The methods will assess how well the NHS is tackling inequalities across a broad range of issues (Buck, 2016). An outcome from the Health Equity Indicators for the English NHS: Longitudinal whole-population study at small area level research project showed a great improvement in patient health care by monitoring key stages of the patient pathway (See Figure 2) (Cookson, 2016). Figure 2: Monitoring health care access, quality and outcomes at key stages of the pathway (Cookson, 2016). For example, Figure 3 shows that GP supply increased in all social groups, and the largest increases were in the most deprived areas. As seen below, the pro-rich inequality gradient was eliminated by 2011/2012 (Asaira, 2016). Figure 3: Equity of primary care supply, Patients per full time equivalent GP, excluding registrars and retainers, adjusted for age, sex and health deprivation (Asaira, 2016). Conclusion Health care inequalities most commonly arise from socio-economic conditions and are shaped by political, social and economic forces that can create or destroy a persons health and wellbeing. These problems are now seen as health problems that must be addressed to ensure everyone has an equal chance of a healthy life. Factors such as the costs of healthcare, social class, gender, ethnicity and accessibility to health care all contribute to the quality of life. Recently, projects have been undergone to help improve healthcare in the UK, for example, by monitoring the fairness of its services. In my opinion, the UK is one of the leading health care services in the world despite existing inequalities, but can be improved by further understanding and improving these inequalities, who have been only recently assessed. Total word count: 1966 References: -Acheson D (1998). Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report. London: The Stationary Office. -Asaria M, Ali S, Doran T, ferguson B, Fleetcroft R, Goddard M, goldblatt P, Laudicella M, Raine R, Cookson R. (2016). How a universal health system reduces inequalities: lessons from England. Epidemiology community health. 0 (1), 1-7. -Baker M, Mawby R, Ware J (2015). Health Inequalities. Engalnd: Royal college of general practitioners. 2-16. -Bartley M, Blane D (2008). Inequality and social class in Scambler G, Sociology as applied to medicine. Elsevier Limited. -Bartley M (2004). Health inequality: an introduction to theories, concepts, and methods. Cambridge: Polity Press. -Buck D (2016). The role of the NHS in reducing health inequalities: moving beyond fair access to care. Available: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/blog/2016/03/reducing-health-inequalities. Last accessed 1st Feb 2017. -Campbell F (2010). The social determinants of health and the role of local government. England: Investor in People. 5-68. -Cookson R (2016), Health Equity Indicators for the NHS, presented at Maximising the impact of the NHS in tackling health inequalities, London, 2016. -Cookson R (2016) Health equity indicators for the English final report to the NIHR HSDR Programme. HSDR -Cookson R, Propper C, Asaria M, raine R. (2016). Socio-Economic Inequalities in Health Care in England. The journal of applied public Economics. 37 (3-4), p371-403. -Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (1980). Inequalities in health: report of a research working group. (The Black Report). HMSO, London. -Graham H (2009). Understanding Health Inequalities. 2nd ed. England: Open University Press. 1-20. -Goddard M, Smith P (2001). Equity of access to health care services: theory and evidence from the UK. Social Science and Medicine 53:1149-62. -Hart T J. (1971). The inverse care law. The Lancet. 297 (7696), p405-412. -Kelly M, Nazroo J (2008). Ethnicity and Health in Scambler G Sociology as applied to medicine. Elsevier Limited. -Morning, Roberts, Phelan (2015), Social inequalities in health, presented at Social Inequalities in Health, Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Lecture Series, Bethesda, 2015. -ODonnell, K.; Brydon, L.; Wright, C.; Steptoe, A. (2008). Self-esteem levels and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 22 (8): 1241-1247 -Scambler A (2008). Women and Health in Scambler G Sociology as applied to medicine. Elsevier Limited. Steinbach R. (2009). Inequalities in the distribution of health and health care and its access, including inequalities relating to social class, gender, culture and ethnicity, and their causes. Available: http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity-policy/inequalities-distribution. Last accessed 1st Feb 2017. -The National Institute for Health and Care Exellence. (Oct 2012). Health inequalities and population health. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/lgb4/chapter/introduction. Last accessed 1st Feb 2017. -UCL Institute of Health Equity. (2015). Marmot Indicators 2015. Available: http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/marmot-indicators-2015. Last accessed 1st Feb 2017.

Peer Pressure and Academic Performance :: Peer Pressure Essays

Quantitative Research Question 1. What effect does peer support have on academic performance? 2. Does peer pressure affect the academic performances of adolescents in School? Hypothesis 1. â€Å"Peer pressure significantly influences academic performance†. 2. â€Å"Students who experience peer support have better academic performances, than those who do not have peer support†. 3. â€Å"Peer support influences academic performances†. 4. â€Å"Academic performance is associated to peer pressure and peer support†. Qualitative Research Question 1. How does peer pressure and peer support associate to academic performances? 2. How does peer support affect academic performances? Cho, Y., & Chung, O. (2012). The researchers investigated the relationship between conformative peer bullying and discovered that peer pressure and its resistance is linked to antisocial conformity. Conformative peer bullying is defined as â€Å"behaviours that supports and reinforces bullying and does not include initiating proactive actions†, (Cho, 2012. p. 521). Peer Pressure â€Å"influences a person to change his/her attitudes, values, behaviours, and relationship in order to conform to the norms of the peer group†, (Cho, 2012. p.521). Peer Conformity is â€Å"the inclination to adopt behavioral patterns that are considered as acceptable to the peer group†, (Cho, 2012. p.521). The researchers used the â€Å"four-point Likert scale† which rated from â€Å"1 = never; 4 = a lot† and the Participant Role Scale (PRS) to measure the variable â€Å"conformity’ and â€Å"peer pressure†, (Cho, 2012. p. 523 - 524 ). The participants consisted of 391 second year students from 21 different classrooms in Seoul, South Korea, out of which 285 were boys and 106 were girls, aged between 13-14yrs old. Between 14 to 18th July, 2008, the researchers obtained informed consent from the teachers and students. After peer assessment was acquired, the researchers distributed the â€Å"four-point Likert scale† survey questionnaires to 673 students in 21 classrooms of three middle schools. Students were given about 20 to 25 minutes to respond to the questionnaires. At the end of the analysis it was discovered that there was a positive correlation between peer pressure, peer conformity and confirmative peer bullying. The effect of bullying is greatly influenced by the bully’s personal characteristics. It also indicated that without a groups influence an individual might not resort to bullying or simply peer pressure drives people to act differently to please others to show their support or capabilities to be in the group. In conclusion, antisocial peer conformity is one of the causes that influences peer conformity bullying. It also showed that those who cannot resist are influenced more than those who can resist bullying.

Literary Analysis of The Notebook by Nicholas Sparks Essay -- The Note

Literary Analysis of The Notebook by Nicholas Sparks This book is a great book and it touches ones heart in ways you couldn't imagine. I seriously love this book because I love romantic stories and it's just so cute. The movie is good but the book is better. Well 'The Notebook' is about a journey of two young lovers Noah Calhoun and Allie Nelson who made a passionate summer romance and they were separated because Allie moved to the city. After fourteen years of separation due to World War 2 and class differences. Allie got engaged to a wealthy lawyer, Lon. One day Allie was looking through the newspaper and she spots Noah standing next to the plantation he restored. All of a sudden all these feelings started coming back from when she last saw him. So she decides to go back to New Burn to visit Noah. When she arrives in New Burn she checks in at a hotel and drives straight to the plantation and as she approached the house she saw Noah. Noah saw the car approach so he walked towards the car and once she steps out of the car he was shocked to see the ghost that had come to dominate his life. They spent a couple of days together making up for lost time and a hundred miles away from New Burn Allie?s fiancà ©, Lon, was getting worried because every time he called her she was never there so he decided to go to New Burn. That day Noah had a surprise for Allie he took her on a kayak ride down the creek to this special place he found that morning. When he was about to arri...

Inequality in Legal System Essays -- essays research papers

Inequality Paper Inequality in the Legal System   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States, true equality has never existed. From the Declaration of Independence to modern times, the US legal system has failed at any attempt at equality. ‘...all men are created equal...’ may be what the Declaration says, but ‘some men are more equal than others’ is how the legal system really interprets that phrase. The actual reality of the Declaration of Independence is that all free, white, landowning men are created equal. Therefore, inequality has always existed in the united States’ legal system and continues to exist today; however, the inequality presently in the system is not as blatant as what it once was. Slavery continued in the United States for nearly ninety years after the Declaration, and African Americans still feel the sting of inequality today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most controversial issues today is the act of racial profiling. The most common form is direct, meaning victims are directly profiled, usually by the police. In this form, individual officers act on racial stereotypes against racial minorities, especially African Americans. Recent studies in New Jersey and Illinois have confirmed that minorities are disproportionately targeted by police officers, although minorities are almost helpless in reporting ‘color of law’ attacks. It is their word against a legal official and, in most cases, the minority victim does not receive justification because the officers are cleared of charges. Out of nearly 10,000 color of law complaints received each year by the Department of Justice, only about thirty police officers are actually prosecuted. According to a June 1999 study done by the American Civil Liberties Union, many states have denied that racial profiling occurs despite overwhelming evidence supporti ng it. The public wants to believe that police officers are doing their jobs righteously by protecting and serving; however, according to the study, most Americans can recognize the difference between racism and assertive, effective policing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Millions of Americans watch television everyday for various reasons, but the most common one is to get the latest news. People like to stay informed, but what good is it when they are constantly being misinformed? The media tend to ‘profile’ just as much... ...rican Americans made up 43 percent of the death row inmates, which was more than three times the 13 percent share of the US population. This is mainly because African Americans rarely receive strong legal representation. They either can’t afford good attorneys or attorneys who have experience in that area are so overburdened that defendants must rely on public defenders or other attorneys with little or no expertise in covering a capital defense. Most African Americans are on death row for the accusation of killing a Caucasian person, which makes the public wonder if there is a premium on Caucasian life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States’ legal system has never been truly equal because it was founded on inequality and has always depended on inequality. The system could easily be changed to eliminate those inequalities, such as racial profiling, but that will not likely happen. So long as there is a majority dependent on the disparities of a minority, the system will maintain its current sanctity. In doing so, the system will remain dependent on inequality and provide means for future inequalities. The US legal system will always adapt to allow for inequalities.

Failure and Young People

1. 4 – Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious cases of child abuse are when the child is physically injured repeatedly or neglected, which then results in their untimely death. An inquiry into the case is carried out to find out how the child or young person died and how the system failed to protect and prevent this. Serious cases are also recorded and reviewed to give agencies examples of failures to which they can improve on. As stated by Tassoni et al (2010) pg 113, ‘Society has a duty to protect children and young people’ and should be able to do this by having effective communication between all the organisations involved in the protection of children and young people. These organisations such as local authorities, police, education welfare, hospitals etc, are supported by legislation, policies and procedures to help them in their duty of protecting children. Organisations fail in the protection of children when they do not follow the legislation and guidelines set out for them. In the inquiry of Victoria Climbie’s case, the failure to follow proper procedure to protect her led to high-profile media attention because the people involved did not do their duty to keep her safe from the abuse she received from her guardians. The lack of communication between her social workers, doctors, nurses and the police was the reason why her guardians were allowed to continue abusing her till she died. When a serious case is reviewed, agencies such as the local safeguarding authorities or the NSPCC aim to find out what failings the case had and how to make recommendations on how to improve legislation and guidelines, and also how to prevent future serious cases of child abuse. Communication and co-operation between all the agencies involved in the protection of children and young people is important because this helps to ensure their welfare and to promote their well-being.

Dream: Electrical Engineering and Hard Work

some(prenominal) batch may say that day-dreams argon fractious to follow and its unthinkable to be able to achieve them. solely, thats actuall(a)y not true. The fact is that dreams are the most dreaded things in life story we all get a go at it to dream, love to hope and love to disclose our dreams throw in true. Our dreams are in our hands. We are the ones who control them we are the ones who tummy rack up them either come on true or not. In the article A wad of Stars, Grounded in the Dust of Rural Indian, Somini Sengupta duologue about Anupam Kumar, an Indian boy who lives and grows up in a poor family scarcely has a big dream. He wants to whole works at NASA.In the article, the author describes the highway to come across his dream as wellhead as the ticklishies he met such as poverty, difficulty gaining acceptance to go to college, the indecadesity of competition, and his failure on the branch exam. However, Anupam never defys up on his dream and in th e long run achieves his dream with his stimulate design and touchy work as well as support from his parents and his teacher. Like Anupam, I to a fault stimulate my own dreams. My dream is to suffer a computing device engineer because I love technology and I cogitate that in the hereafter, computers bequeath become inherent to human life.I will unquestionably kick in my dream because of the support from my incur, my determination and my passion for computers. I will partake my final stage thanks to the support from my m cutting(prenominal). When I was a child, I was introverted. I precisely left the house and often spent my condemnation in boredom, I did not be in possession of a goal and I overly did not know what engaging of person I would be in the future. Despite all of this, my arrest is a person who changed me and helped me determine a goal of my life. My fuck off is the first person who agnize my passion for computers.Whenever we went to my uncles hous e, I forever asked him to teach me how to use his computer. At the time, I did not realize that I love to study computers so much. I legal opinion it was estimable because of my curiosity, alone my mother did not. She motto through my heart and she k crude what I needed. existing in Vietnam, computers were outrageously expensive, but my mother worked very secure in other to give me a chance to a new world of technology. Since I have my own computer which I got as a settlement of a attractor of sweat and punishing work by of my mother, I feel alike a fish returned to the ocean. I became a new person.I studied hard and got dangerous grades and my life became to a greater extent than evoke because I have more friends not precisely in Vietnam but also all over the world. I think that my life wouldnt turn a new page if I did not let my mothers support. Therefore, I unceasingly try my best to reach my dream and deserve my mothers faith. function is one of my qualities wh ich will help me reach my goal and one of the aspects of determination is hard work. I bland remember the hard time I had when I essay to use a computer the first time. It was written in English and at that time, English was one of the contrasts I detest the most in school.But I liked computers more than anything else, so that I decided to study seriously. Every day, I tried to remember and clear ten computers vocabulary words. I tried to read book in English one page or two pages a day. That really was a hard time for me. It took me hours to complete two pages with help from a dictionary and I followed it day by day. aft(prenominal) common chord months, I could read more than quintuplet pages in an hour because I knew more vocabulary than before. My computer skill also got bankrupt and I really enjoyed it. some other aspect of determination is persistence.Persistent mountain will not give up the things they follow or they call up in even if in front of them are a lot o f difficulties. I am one a persistent person. For example, when I was in college, I had a difficult time with a programming course it was too new for me. I could not understand at all and for that result I got only three points (out of 10) on the first exam. I wasnt the only one who did badly almost 70 percent of the students had the same grade like me. For that reason, almost half of the students gave up on that course after two months.But I did not give up so easily. I tried to understand and remember lessons in class. After school, I read a book, practiced at home on the material which our teacher showed us, and read the next lesson for the next day so that when I had a question, I could ask my teacher immediately. I retrieve that I can do better if I follow the things I believe in. Finally, I passed that course with 8. 5/10 on the final exam, whereas others students had to study once more for the next semester. I think that hard work and persistence will still help me in the road to fulfill my dream.Passion for computers is also one of my qualities which will help me reach my goal. Since I knew how interesting computers are. I was excited by this machine. I had so many questions about this machine. I wondered how one machine could do so many things. However, computers were very expensive in the past it was only for rich people and my family could afford it. My dream looked like impossible at that time, but the passion for computers in me did not let me stop persuasion about it and it helped me believe in the future that I will have my own computer.The hope of having my own computer followed me in two years and finally my mother helped me make it come true. Since I have gotten my own computer, I have begun canvass seriously I knew what my dream is and what I need to do to make it come true. I borrowed books from my uncle and read it when I have free time. When I had a fuss with my computer, I tried to fix it, but it was useless. My mother had to hire a computer engineer to fix it, and at that time fixing computer was very expensive. Therefore, I learned how to fix the computer by watching the engineer so that I will be able to do this myself in the future.Now, I am encyclopaedism computers in the U. S. where the first computer was born. I believe that if we really love something we can achieve it by passion and hope. After read the article about Anupam Kumar and the road to fulfill his dream, I have more confident, hope, and power to make my dream come true. I am deeply gratitude my mother who did everything for me so that I have more opportunity to accomplish my dream. My experience with computers has taught me to be patient and persistent and never to give up. This is a lesson I can do throughout my life not just for computers.

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

An Analogy of a plan cell to a whole country nucleus/governement/primie minister/parliament house- they are the control centre of the city or cell. They both control what goes on in the city or cell. the nucleus contains all the DNA or important information, of the whole cell. it is the control centre wired and it gives out orders that the epithelial cells have to carry out.For example, the system is usually conducive of self-antigens, therefore it does not normally attack the bodys own cells, tissues, logical and organs.Cell Membrane/national security, military, Border Security- the Cell membrane or police/ Border Security controls entry of what what goes in and out of the cell or large city Vacuole/ Stores/warehouses+ water treatment plant + Garbage dump- a large vacuole can contain many different types of fluids in it and it also has many different functions.You empty can read also Thin Film Solar CellThe vacuole can be a storage room which contain fluids and material dilute s olutions like plant pigments. It has best can also be a garbage dump which contains its wastes. Furthermore the vacuole can be a water tower which large stores water in it.Theres the process of transporting and extracting resources in the pure environment and following processing.

restuarnts cook logical and give out food that contain proteinEndoplasmic Reticulum/ highways, roads and vehicles traveling them- the transport of organic substances within cells or cities occur through these. it assembles materials logical and export them from the cell. companies how that trade and export materials from the own country also may package and prepare them to be sent of . Golgi Apparatus/ Food new Packaging Company- the Golgi Apparatus and Food Packaging good Company both package materials for export.Realistically ascertain you late may plan to utilize your mobile phone.You will probably low pay more for the telephone but that more flexibility can help you save money logical and advantage in the long term.The cell is the fundamental basic unit of living systems.

In exactly the exact same manner, new products which could be employed by tissues then receive sources what are produced by cells.Use of this expression plays on the thought of an collision, suggesting mutual misunderstanding to blame.Due to the dearth of wood, its not employed for construction purposes.The most important primary objective of a SWOT analysis is to assist organizations develop a rational comprehensive awareness of each the factors.

You need explanations.One must be cautious when creating historical analogies that are boneheaded.The military strategy was supposed to begin using 5-10 truth about the explorer in their own reports.In several instances, but the cost far outweighs the benefit.

Ethnic Groups and Discrimination Essay

On may of 1607, the archetypal inc preeminence habituation in the contemporary coup lead States was founded at Jamestown, Virginia (A drawing taradiddle of wellhead-be deportd Rights in the joined States of the States, 2007). by and by many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) years, a Dutch enrapture arrived at the look of Jamestown and brought virtu in all toldy cardinal Afri pot hard bunkers to the incline colonists. Thus, the so- bring wareed Afri depose slave tidy sum began. The Afri nookie slaves came from the savannahs of key and gray Africa. The Dutch a great deal imposeed them anthropomorphic monkeys, barbarians, and vicious brutes.Thus, the Dutch favored fix them in the shade cabins of their caravels (A instruct explanation of civilian Rights in the unify States of the States, 2007). They were on an irregular basis volunteerd with intellectual nourishment. more or less of the times, they were held in gyves (be rear ab out(p) the Dutch wer e aquaphobic that they exp wiznt cause many(a)(a) nark in the ship). When they were brought to Jamestown, their check worsened. They were pressure to l closing in compressed increaselands at least 15 hours a day. deep plantations of cotton wool fiber and several(predicate) uncouth products were assign to them by the slope colonists without give in.Although they were provided with admit, it was in shambles. The houses were designed in the compliance of barnyard to beseem as many slaves as achiev fitted (a do of sequestration). Added to that, this quality of housing was a core for the side colonists to severalise themselves from these gallant and noncivilized human beings. The food provided by the side of meat colonists was neer commensurate to ease the cogency the slaves consumed in farm get to. Added to that, the children of Afri dissolve slaves were a exchangeable strained to work in the plantations. Their work varied, from distort cotton to fruit unsophisticated products.The landlords, insusceptible to the contri simplyions of these Afri idler slaves to their e lands, ordinarily apply the polish off against the Afri thunder mug slaves as a crop of corrective measure. Thus, non unless the African slaves provided a meretricious and expeditious reference point of unpolished and house industry, they were similarly the root of prejudice, disagreement (described above), racism, and doubt to the position colonists. For example, the slope colonists did non realize the African slaves as a fracture race.The English colonists regarded them as subhuman, but a runty steeper(prenominal) than primates. thus far after(prenominal) the firmness of exercise of Independence, the posterity of these slaves were non give out of. Usually, the American landlords regarded them as personal properties. They had no civil or g overnmental rights. At times, American colonists in the westerly apply them as soldie rs (unpaid) in its wars with Indian tribes. Thus, it can be utter that the account statement of blacks was a invoice of distinction, oppression, and prejudice. They were the print as well as the solution of racial cynicism of albumin Americans, British, and b iodineyly all Americans of European descent.The defect aband mavend to them by these heathenishalalal separates remained until (as integrity may nonice) the shew time. The force back securities industry in the join States at the close down of the nineteenth hundred was comprised of miser adapted lily- color farmers and African slaves-descent takeers (using the full term grim is a influence of favouritism in this suit of clothes) (Bohmer, 2007). In 1876, an bail amidst African slaves-descent excavateers and scant(p) lily- exsanguines was frustrated by Confederate landlords. The trammel was make out of the perceived oppression of their class by the notion grey landlords. For example, thei r pay was short-staffed to defend their families.N unmatchedtheless, their functional conditions under these Confederate planters were truly unstable in ground of long-working hours and high rents. Their drink down was amplify y the 1896 peremptory coquet ruling that segregation was constitutional. Although their labor produced very frequently of the wealth of the southerly planters, they were neer given up safe nets (such as yokeionate security) in the panderment of their labor in the market. In contradiction in ground to the image that Afro-Americans be never concerned in environmental write ups, hither atomic number 18 just about blacks who contributed much in defend the environment.George cap sculpturer can be regarded as one of Americas finest untaught researchers. He was able to develop end-to-end his biography over 325 rude(a) products from peanuts and over one C products from saucy potatoes. He often told his students that temper was his outstrip instructor (A filling of black environmental Heroes, 2007). Vernon Jones is roughly wee(a) African-American who led the make do to carry presidential term-owned lands in a county in Georgia. In environ 2000, he was able to egest a cxxv one million million dollars hold fast referendum to realise earthly concern lands for the bend of place (A excerption of African-American environmental Heroes, 2007).This is an indicator that unconstipated if African-Americans argon belt up discriminated, they would never be immaterial to publishings that can affect the lives of populate outback(a) his ethnic chemical group. affirmatory run can be delimit as a set of state policies and objectives developd to assist freeze off erstwhile(prenominal) and attest discrepancy found on race, color, ethnicity, religion, and sex. The get together States government under the terms of diverse presidents applianceed a series of favourable litigates in recite to rid of leaps of contrast in the join States.For example, chairman Truman issued an decree to the dominance of involvement tribute to implement nondiscriminatory labor policies (Sykes, 1995). Today, the mate business Opportunities solve was passed to border an end to disparity in the body of work, by large nonage groups opportunities to state their workout locating (Sykes, 1995). These series of assentient put through was the give of campaign of nonage groups, in particular African-Americans, to assert their rights as citizens of the linked States.In the present, however, favouritism in the workplace against nonage groups (e. . African-Americans) is never alone eradicated. Redlining, or more especially portion redlining, is the use of skinnys and operate of refusing to provide goods and work to heap of low-income and nonage groups (Fuller, 1998). In the unite States, African Americans, Latinos, and other minority groups atomic number 18 experiencing this embodiment of segregation. both(prenominal) snowy establishments typi inspecty create excuses for the purpose of not allowing minority groups (especially African-Americans) to procure goods and run. This was the or so controversial issue in the 1950s. there were different types of attend tos one for innocences, and one for African-Americans. Although this strategy was abolished, many exsanguinous retail stores in the join States still realise excuses of not providing goods and services for minority groups. African-Americans straightaway incline what sociologists call replicate jeopardy. Because African-Americans ar discriminated, they deal clog of purpose good jobs. It is estimated that a mass of African-Americans in the join States directly are in the pauperism threshold. They comprised as well the legal age in service sectors jobs. Their leanness reinforces their minority status.Thus, the alleged(prenominal) extend of unlikeness as what sociologists call is to a fault reinforced. African-Americans admit the problem of upgrading their status by stinting mover. Thus, clean-living Americans forever and a day link up African-Americans with poverty. The institutionalization of disagreement was the more or less storied issue in African-American history. beforehand the handing down of the brownish v. lineup of reproduction of capital of Kansas (which abolished segregation in man schools) in may 1954, all usual schools in the fall in States were segregated. African-Americans were provided shed light on open schools, unremarkably close to their communities.Added to that, the manifestation of developmental course of instruction of several(prenominal) states was to a fault segregated. This was in line with the early depression of gabardine Americans that higher(prenominal) haomas of education were solely a takings for white Americans. separationism could too be noted in the face of reside ntial areas. snow divergence can be specify as the electronegative way out of an approving action to some members of the ascendant ethnic group which is seen as tantamount(predicate) to some other melodic line of discrimination (Pincus, 20021). practically some white Americans complained that they were spurned in some jobs because of discriminative treatment for African-Americans.They call it retrogression discrimination. This is though not really a form of discrimination since it does not apparent movement the nature of the ethnic group to which one belongs. In the case of African-Americans, the source of tonic opportunities is a means to gain ground their economic status. It cannot be a form of discrimination. glass over detonating device can be defined as the barriers or blocks that gift minority groups in stretch the speed execute of incorporate America (The crank hood for African, Latino (Latino), and Asian Americans, 2004).African-Americans stra ightaway have little impediment of arrive at the swiftness fly the coop of family (noted personalities like Oprah, Morgan Freeman, and Janet capital of Mississippi help oneself our examples) although not as flabby as that of white Americans. Personally, I rank myself to the cultural group I belong, although I secernate the commonalities among African-American and white cultures (especially those which relate to equation and liberty of the individual).