Catholicism on Divorce free essay sample

Examines the evolution of the Churchs interpretations of the New Testament messages on marriage, dissolution, temptation and remarriage. The question of evolution having been settled by Pope John Paul II, the Catholic Church still has the question of marriage to debate. Besides whether priests and other ministers of the gospel can marry, is a marriage indissoluble or sacramentally sealed for the lives of the two spouses, or can that entity called marriage be terminated by one of them? Charles Curran states that increasing numbers of Roman Catholics do not accept the Churchs teaching on the indissolubility of marriage. This in itself is revolutionary. Although the Pope presents himself as the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, and ostensibly the de facto leader of Christendom in general because Catholicism until very recently believed one must be a Catholic to be saved, the Pope is only a leader insofar as others follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Catholicism on Divorce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If when Curran wrote in 1977..

Credibility of Halal Beef Value Chain in Malaysia and Willingness of Consumers to Pay Premium Prices

Introduction Beef industry in Malaysia has been growing at a slow rate over the last decade. As a result, the country has been unable to meet the demand given the rapid increase in Halal beef consumption. The per capita consumption of Halal beef has increased from 1kg to over 6kg (Mohamed et al. 2008 p. 58).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Credibility of Halal Beef Value Chain in Malaysia and Willingness of Consumers to Pay Premium Prices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The low production of beef has forced the government to import beef from the neighboring nations to meet the ever-growing demand. The low rate of production is mainly attributed to farm inefficiencies, which has also led to high cost of production (Mohamed et al. 2008, p. 59). There are five categories of beef producers in Malaysia, namely: ranch integrators, vast estates, commercial feedlots, and customary agriculturalist. The five categori es differ in animal numbers, a system of management and size of land. They are all involved in the production of both cattle and buffalo beef. The customary agriculturalists are the majority and possess nearly 80 percent of cattle and buffalo farms (Mohamed et al. 2008, p. 60). The ever-increasing demand for Halal beef products and services has had a significant impact on the local beef industry (Yeong-Sheng et al. 2015, p. 43). Since Malaysia is a predominantly Muslim nation, there is a special attachment to Halal products. Muslims abide by the strict dietary rule and are only permitted to eat Halal products. Therefore, Halal is very significant in the country’s food sector, including beef industry (Hamdan et al. 2013, p. 55). In addition, the growing demand for Halal products all over the world means that Halal food sector is no longer an industry that conforms to spiritual necessity, but is turning into an economic force in its own right (Noordin et al. 2009, p. 1). Genera lly, Muslim consumers often have a tendency to buy certified Halal products for a sense of security. For this reason, consumers in Malaysia are more concerned about the quality of Halal products than their prices. Malaysia Department of Islamic Development is the body responsible for Halal accreditation in Malaysia (Yeong-Sheng 2015, p. 5). According to Yeong-Sheng et al., demand for beef in Malaysia is inelastic to expenditure and price, which means consumers are willing to pay premium prices for quality beef products. However, the price elasticity of beef is relatively lower compared to advanced nations due to the general income level (42).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The slow growth of beef industry and its enormous potential provides the rationale for choosing the topic under study. Moreover, businesses are now moving away from consumer-geared approach to value- driven approach to increase profitability and to build brand equity. Brand equity is defined as â€Å"any given brand name that has a specific significance and value to consumers and, therefore, influences future earnings and consumer loyalty (Westberg Pope 2012, p. 3). Beef industry in Malaysia and Concept of Halal and its traceability From the early 1960s to 2010, the individual consumption of beef in Malaysia has grown from 1kg to over 6kg. This is mainly attributed to increase in income and population, as well as the affordability of beef products (Mohamed et al. 2008, p. 58). Since more than 60 percent of the population is Muslims, food items must be prepared using Halal methods. In addition, consumers in Malaysia are increasingly becoming vigilant and conscious of the ingredients in food products and, therefore, are very selective. Some authors attribute this to a high level of literacy and increased concern for food safety, quality, and legitimacy. The global food safety cr isis also prompted Malaysia people to demand transparency in the production of Halal beef products (Hamdan et al. 2013, p. 55). Halal basically refers to food that has no trace of swine or pork and does not cause any harm to the body or physical wellbeing. Pork and Swine are highly forbidden in Islam. In other words, any food can be considered to be Halal as long as it is prepared or processed according to Islamic Shariah law (Lokman 2008, p. 2). The Halal guidelines and procedures are not just limited to Islamic law, but also hygiene and quality regulation. The materials and equipment used must also conform to Islamic law. Additionally, the production process must be observed and regulated by a qualified Muslim inspector. Food products, including beef that has met the Halal standard, are said to be Halal certified (Lokman 2008, p. 3; Hamdan et al. 2013, p. 57). Consumer Purchasing Pattern As already been mentioned, demand for beef in Malaysia is inelastic to expenditure and price, which means consumers are willing to pay premium prices for quality beef products (Yeong-Sheng et al. 2015, p. 42). The concern about the quality and safety of beef products in Malaysia has been aggravated by the recent fraudulent activities and safety incidences, for instance, the traces of pork DNA found in Cadbury chocolates in Malaysia two years ago. For this reason, consumers only purchase products that are certified and have markings and logos (Yeong-Sheng et al. 2015, p. 31).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Credibility of Halal Beef Value Chain in Malaysia and Willingness of Consumers to Pay Premium Prices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The majority of Halal beef consumers trust local butcheries manned by Muslims than supermarkets. This happens despite the fact that meat products are highly regulated in Malaysia. The prices of beef are slightly higher than other meat products because the beef indus try is controlled by cartels. However, the willingness to pay premium prices for Halal beef products depends on consumer income levels. Low-income consumers in Malaysia tend to overvalue low-quality beef, whereas high-income consumers tend to overvalue high-quality beef (Hamdan et al. 2013, p. 60). Malaysia Overview The growth of the beef industry is still slow in Malaysia. However, the industry’s prospects are enormous given the increasing demand for Halal beef both locally and globally. This provides the rationale for choosing the topic under study. In addition, Halal beef consumers in Malaysia still have trust issues with their supply and value chain system. As a result, the majority of them only buy beef products from local butcheries and shops instead of supermarkets. This because consumers are more concerned about the quality and safety of beef products than prices. They are even more willing to pay premium prices for Halal accredited products (Yeong-Sheng 2015, p. 42; Hamdan et al. 2013, p. 60). Therefore, the case study will contribute to the body of knowledge aimed at improving the country’s Halal beef supply and value chain. Malaysia Halal Beef Industry Value Chain Analysis Value chain basically refers to an array of activities or processes used by businesses to enhance the quality of products. It also refers to a methodical way of splitting business operations and how they add value to the consumers. The main elements of Halal beef value chain are processes, information, and stakeholders (Backer Miroudot 2014, p. 55). The term value chain was first introduced by Porter in 1985. Porter (1985, p.34) defined value chain as organizational activities connected to a company’s competitive position. There has been a considerable shift in Halal beef marketing from client-based approach to value-based approach. The Malaysia government is striving to align the beef supply chain and value chain to enhance consumer experience and satisfacti on. Citizens had started to question the integrity of the existing supply chain due to its complex nature and inability to detect matters of integrity. The susceptibility of the supply chain was also attributed to its size and increasing demand for Halal beef (Mohamad Backhouse 2014, p. 3).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The accreditation process ensures that beef products are prepared in accordance with Islamic principles and procedures (Tieman, van der Vost Ghazali 2012, p. 222). The certification process is managed by the Malaysia Department of Islamic Development. Besides, State Islamic Religious Department and Council are also mandated with the responsibility of issuing Halal licenses and logos (Muhammad, Isa Kifli, 2009, p. 54). Critics argue that the challenges facing the Halal accreditation in Malaysia is not with the process, but implementation. The issues affecting the implementation process include operational inefficiencies and governance (Noordin et al. 2009, p. 7). Mapping Halal Beef Industry Value Chain Analysis Value chain rests on the division of various operations and mapping of relations that might create value or costs in the production process. Value chain maps illustrate the industry players and functions. It usually contains a number of elements, which include: input supplie rs, production, processing, wholesale, retail, and consumers. These elements assist in organizing important information regarding the players/actors in the value chain (Backer Miroudot 2014, p. 6). The Halal beef value chain in Malaysia has developed over the past decade into an array of complex components involving different players that include ranch integrators, vast estates, commercial feedlots, and customary agriculturalist. However, the largest share of Halal beef in Malaysia is produced by customary agriculturalists. They account for nearly 80 percent of the total production. They are often found in the countryside where access to market and infrastructure is inadequate. Market and pricing information are unattainable. Earlier attempts to organize smallholder farmers into cooperatives and self-help groups have been futile. Therefore, these players in the value chain are not doing enough to add value to their products (Muhammad, Isa Kifli, 2009, p. 57). The village middlemen , on the other hand, usually gather animals from remote locations and take them to slaughterhouses where they are well fed and watered. The middlemen are autonomous operatives who utilize their local knowledge and social-economic relations to gain access to local markets. Most of them are restricted to certain geographical region due to financial constraints. They frequently distort prices and benefit at the expense of the farmers. In addition, they charge ridiculous fee and add no value. Instead, they add more than 10 percent of the abattoir gate price. In a nutshell, middlemen are not offering much in terms of value addition, yet they extract a fee from the value chain system that can barely sustain the additional cost. Therefore, there is a need to design and implement reliable information dissemination mechanism to enhance trust and collaboration between different players in the value chain (Muhammad, Isa Kifli, 2009, p. 59). Large estates and ranches often have feedlots for fa ttening both young and mature animals. The fattened young animals are basically for the export market, whereas the mature animals are for the local market. The feedlots are always located near the urban areas where there is a ready market. Nevertheless, the cost of operating feedlots has increased significantly, while the earnings from animals have gone down. This is mainly attributed to the inflated cost of inputs (Mohamad Backhouse 2014, p.9). Among the existing slaughterhouses, only 12 are operational. All of them have facilities for goats and sheep. However, facilities for cattle and buffalos are limited. Upon arrival, the animals are taken through a bodily inspection and rested for 72 hours in the holding areas where they are fed and watered. 12 to 24 hours before slaughtering, they are placed in a lairage where they are given water only (Mohamad Backhouse 2014, p.9). At the lairage, they are taken through another examination process. Animals that have passed the test are the n slaughtered using Halal procedures and methodology. The slaughtering process must be observed and regulated by a qualified Muslim inspector. A while later the remains are chilled at – 2 to 2 degrees Celsius for a day. In most occasions, slaughtering is done when a client makes an order (Mohamad Backhouse 2014, p.11). The only processing that takes place is putting the carcasses in stockinet ready for transportation or shipment. All the abattoirs have their own refrigerated trucks for transporting Halal beef products. However, the cold stores are limited. The abattoirs in Malaysia sell both Halal beef and by-products, for instance, blood, organs, and intestines. The sale of by-products helps the slaughterhouses to break even. The main responsibility of the wholesalers is basically picking the Halal beef products from the slaughterhouses and selling them to the retail market. They have limited storage capacity and, therefore, do not hold beef for long. The wholesalers and re tailers grade and repackage the Halal beef products (Muhammad, Isa Kifli, 2009, p. 59). Figure 1: Schematic description of the beef value chain Table 1: Summarizing the Value Chain Mapping Beef Production Processing Distributing Wholesaling Retailing Inputs Commercial feeds and minerals Pesticides Money Ice Packaging Beef Beef Beef Activities Zero grazing and open grazing Feed formulation Purchasing inputs Processing includes slaughtering, handling, preparation, inspection and packaging Distributing beef from slaughterhouses to wholesalers Picking up beef from slaughterhouses and sell products to retail market Most of the whoesalers have limited storage and, therefore, do not hold beef for long. Selling to consumers Outputs Beef cattle or Buffalo Beef Beef Beef Income Actors Ranch integrators, vast estates, commercial feedlots, and customary agriculturalist Abbattoirs Malaysia Department of Islamic Development State Islamic Religious Department and Council Middlemen fr om the villages Wholesalers Retailers, Supermarkets and local butcheries Problems Farm ineficiencies, which has led to high cost of production Poor methods of production Strong role of informal lenders and middlemen that have trapped farmers in poverty Fragmented markets Uncertainty of raw material suppliers Accreditation challenges Lack of adequate fund to modernize the faccilities Trucking facilities without coolants Poor road infrastructure in some areas which increases transportation cost Most wholesalers lack adequate storage facilities and, therefore, can not stock large quantity of beef The industry is controlled by cartels who regulate prices It is difficult to control the entire value chain in order to maintain standard quality and quantity Lack of consumer trust Low-income consumers tend to overvalue low-quality beef, whereas high-income consumers tend to overvalue high-quality beef Short product shelf life Lack of business and management skills Possible solutions Intr oducing scientific production methods Training farmers Providing affordable loans and promoting farmers cooperatives to eliminate the middlemen Establishing adequate buffer stock for raw materials Restructuring the accreditation process and enhancing public awareness Modernizing public abbattoirs Improving the road networks to reduce transportation cost Providing trucks with refrigerated facilities at affordable price Building more warehouses Introducing a stringent law to eliminate the cartels Enhancing the entire value chain to enhance product quality and quantity, which will also deal with the trust issues Providing free or affordable training to traders Recommendation to Improve Halal Beef Industry Value Chain In order to improve the existing value chain and make Malaysia a global Hub for Halal beef, the country should embrace the Western USA (California) model. The model targets five aspects, namely: institutional structures, improved productivity, improving local infrastruc ture, training players in the value chain, and stimulating demand for beef products. Currently, the beef industry in Malaysia is divided and has ineffectual umbrella body, as well as a poor grading system. The country should form a meat board like in the US. The body will oversee the formulation and implementation of a sound regulatory system, facilitate various segments within the value chain, enhance productivity across the value chain, improve credit access for abattoirs and processing companies, improving access to international market; come up with a standard grading system, and advise the government on matters related to beef sector. The government should support the formation of cooperatives and self-help groups. The cooperatives and self-help groups will not only help farmers to access credit facilities, but also market their products. The government should also increase access to loan facilities by providing interest-free loans and subsidized inputs through the cooperatives and self-help groups. In addition, training and public awareness on modern production methods should be carried out through these groups. The training should focus on livestock breeding, animal well-being, feeding and grazing land management, and fiscal management. The local infrastructure can be improved through the following ways: modernizing all the public abattoirs to international standard; improving road network; introducing feedlot facilities to help in fattening young calves and livestock ready for market; strengthening the certification body through adequate staffing and funding; providing cold storage facilities, including trucks and warehouses; and providing livestock scales at local markets among others. Figure 3: Change in the Halal beef Value Chain after the suggested intervention Conclusion Halal beef consumers still have some trust issues with the country’s supply and value chain system. This arose after the recent fraudulent activities and safety incidences , for instance, the traces of pork DNA found in Cadbury chocolates in Malaysia. In order to increase the credibility of Halal beef, each stage in the value chain have to be restructured. This can only be achieved by embracing the Western USA (California) model, which targets five aspects, namely: institutional structures, improved productivity, improving local infrastructure, training players in the value chain, and stimulating demand for Halal beef. References Backer, K Miroudot, S 2014, Mapping Global Value Chains, OECD Publishing, Paris. Hamdan, H, Issa, Z, Abu, N Jussof, K 2013, ‘Purchasing Decisions Among Muslim Consumers of Processed Halal Food Products’, Journal of Food Products Marketing, vol. 19, pp. 54-61. Lokman, A 2008, Shariah and Malaysia Halal Certification System, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Kuala Lumpar, Malysia. Muhammad, M, Isa, F Kifli, B 2009, ‘Positioning Malaysia as Halal-Hub: Integration Role of Supply Chain Strategy and Hala l Assurance System’, Asian Social Sciences, vol.5, no. 7, pp 44-50. Mohamad, N Backhouse, C 2014. ‘A Framework for Development of Hala Food Products in Malaysia’, Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Bali, Indonesia, pp. 2-11. Mohamed, Z, Shamsudin, M, Radam, A Serin, T 2008, ‘The efficiency of beef cattle production: A case study in the target area of concentration in Johor, Malaysia’, Economic and Technology Management Review, vol. 3, pp. 57-74. Noordin, N, Noor, NL, Harshim, M Samicho, Z 2009, ‘Value Chain of Halal Certification System: A Case Study of the Malaysian Halal Industry’, European and Mediterranean Conference on Information System, Izmir, Turkey, pp. 1-14. Porter, M 1980, Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors, Free Press, New York. Tieman, M, van der Vost, J Ghazali, M 2012, ‘Principles in Halal Supply Chain Manage ment’, Journal of Islamic Marketing, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 217-243. Westberg, K Pope, N 2012, ‘Building brand equity with cause-related marketing: A Comparison with sponsorship and sales promotion’, Journal of Marketing Communications, pp.1-19. Yeong-Sheng, J, Shamsudin, M, Mohamed, Z, Abdulla, Z Radam, A 2015, Demand for beef in Malaysia: Quantity or Quality, Sage Publications, London, UK. This case study on Credibility of Halal Beef Value Chain in Malaysia and Willingness of Consumers to Pay Premium Prices was written and submitted by user Matilda B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Discussing The Aboriginal Population Of Australia Social Work Essay Essays

Discussing The Aboriginal Population Of Australia Social Work Essay Essays Discussing The Aboriginal Population Of Australia Social Work Essay Essay Discussing The Aboriginal Population Of Australia Social Work Essay Essay The Northern Territory Intervention was an enterprise of the Howard authorities in June 2007 Tsey and Every, 2000, p. 509. The intercession was initiated in response to sexual maltreatment of kids but it had larger purposes of covering with issues other than the more direct causes of kid maltreatment. The steps for the intercession were to be started in prescribed countries. These included the Aboriginal land as defined by the Northern Territory Act of 1976, Aboriginal community countries given as freehold to Aboriginal corporations and town cantonment countries which had been declared under the Northern Territory 2007 Act ( Commonwealth of Australia, 2007, p. 12 ) . The Aboriginal people mostly felt that their civilization was being blamed for jobs that had been brought about by old ages of low authorities disbursement in instruction, lodging and other services. Most of the electorate assumed that the hapless school attending rates of the Aboriginal kids were due to hapless parenting. An evaluated test nevertheless indicated that this was merely one of many factors that influenced school attending ( Behrendt, 2008 ) . Evidence has pointed out there are differences in school attending in kids of one household. Additionally, school attending was influenced by overcrowding. Criticism was leveled at the efforts to associate public assistance to behavioral alteration with the statement that usage of such punitory steps would merely be effectual in adding emphasis to an already dysfunctional state of affairs ( Tsey, 2008 ) . Noel Pearson, an influential Autochthonal reformist and mind held that the focal point on policing and intoxicant was of import but there besides needed to be a scheme in which societal and cultural ownership could be built ( Pearson, 2007 ) . Many observers condemned the attack used by the Federal Government in hurriedly fixing statute law that would underpin the intercession. In their attack there was barely any audience with the community ( Havene, 2007 ) . The Aboriginal people and others excessively felt that the intercessions under the NTER ( Northern Territory Emergency Response ) were prejudiced. This is supported by the fact that the Racial Discrimination Act was suspended when the policy was rolled out ( Berhendt, 2008 ) . The policy took away the rights of the people and left them without an avenue through which they could seek damages. The manner in which it was applied was besides questionable as it covered everyone in the prescribed countries irrespective of whether they had kids or non. Some veterans who had fought in the war besides found their pensions quarantined. The usage of mottos likes you ca nt eat rights by pro-reform and pro-welfare groups justified this sort of action. Other mottos used to warrant such actions include statements like this is for your ain good . All these nevertheless merely seem to be alibis to tread on human rights under the stalking-horse that the terminals justifies the agencies. It indicates entire neglect for human rights and shows hapless policy devising. The failure to utilize research when finding policy may be slightly to fault for the acceptance of false duality policies that assume either/or state of affairss as the NT intercessions have done. The information obtained to depict the success of the NT intercession has besides non been sufficient to back up its being. For case, the authorities claims that the intercessions have led to increased ingestion of fresh nutrient because community shops are selling more nutrient ( Berhendt, 2008 ) . The footing of this evidence nevertheless is merely 10 phone calls made to community shops which asked whether there had been any addition in gross revenues of fresh nutrients. Six of these 10s said yes, while three said no and one said that they did non cognize ( Berhendt, 2008 ) . This grounds is really inconclusive as it does non state us who bought the nutrient, whether it was the people affected by the isolated income or whether it was public retainers or the ground forces who were involved in turn overing out the intercession. Briefly, this is non difficult grounds because there was non even data available about the ingestion rates before the intercession that would be compared wit h fresh nutrient ingestion rates after so as to efficaciously state that the intercession has had the consequence of increasing fresh nutrient ingestion. Success in accomplishing impact with the Aboriginal community possibly lies in undertaking complex issues such as Reconstruction of community norms that are based on societal duty and societal norms. By looking at plans that have been successful in autochthonal people possibly we can larn something. Evidence show that to acquire Aboriginal kids to travel to school certain things work, such as plans that allow the Elders of the Aboriginal community into school, holding tiffin and breakfast plans and Aboriginal instructors Plutos every bit good as Aboriginal instructors ( Berhendt, 2008 ) . Educationalist Chris Sarra has developed a plan in which kids s ego regard and assurance are built by prosecuting their civilization while concentrating one academic excellence ( Berhendt, 2008 ) .The plans that have been effectual show that it is of import to construct a relationship with the community in which the community members are empowered. The Family Wellbeing empowerment plan was developed by autochthonal people based in Adelaide. This group had been affected by the stolen coevals policies, they were among the kids who had been taken out of their households and raised in surrogate places or authorities establishments from around 1910 to 1970 ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002, p. 21 ) . The people who designed the FWB plan felt that small was being done to help the Autochthonal households to develop the capacity and accomplishments to turn to the injury and hurting of the yesteryear every bit good as the day-to-day challenges of being a marginalized community ( Tsey and Every, 2000 ) . Trouble in turn toing day-to-day jobs led to statistics which indicated really high drug abuse rates among Aborigines ( Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2003 ) . The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare studies that the Aborigines were more likely to devour intoxicant to a degree that would increase their hazard fo r injury both in the short-run and long-run as compared to other Australians. The group conducted a study to happen out about the survival experiences of modern-day Indigenous Australians. The consequences of the audiences were the footing of the FWB plan. The content of the plan relies to a great extent on a broad assortment of religious and curative traditions for illustration speculation and visual image. These were considered appropriate and suited for the Indigenous Australian population every bit good as adaptable to the demands of non-Indigenous Australians. FWB began in 1993 ; they held informal meetings within the community where the people shared their day-to-day experiences and provided support for one another ( Tsey, 2008 ) . This led increased consciousness on the power that can be accrued from information sharing in supportive and safe groups. The plan so developed into a flexible but structured larning procedure in which there are five phases dwelling of about 30-40 hours of larning in a group. The most cardinal thing to the community is the chance to joint and reflect the values that guide people in covering with their yesteryear and their current societal relationships. The first phase trades with the basic demands of a human being and some behaviours that may ensue when these demands are non met for illustration substance maltreatment. The 2nd phase trades with the alteration procedure and the chances change nowadayss for developing strengths and qualities. The 3rd phase trades with household force and an analysis of values related to force and maltreatment every bit good as accomplishments of mending from relationships that are destructive. Phase 4 focal points on the importance of holding a balance in life, the importance of traditions and values. The concluding phase provides practical experience to enable people who have gone through the old phases to go skilled and confident facilitators in the plan. A follow-up survey on the people who had participated in the FWB plan indicated the positive consequence of the survey ( Tsey, 2008 ) . The participants reported being able to get by better with nerve-racking state of affairss without needfully turning violent or turning to alcohol. They besides reported associating better with their household members and kids. The impact of alteration and personal authorization seemed to hold a permanent consequence ( Tsey, 2008 ) . The success of this plan is nevertheless tempered by the fact that sustainable and consistent authorities support for plans that really worked among the Autochthonal people was low. This coupled with the urgency and big graduated table of work required so as to assist others within the community creates a important barrier to alter. The plan described above indicates that one of the best ways to cut down the disparity between non-Indigenous and Autochthonal people is to affect the Autochthonal people in the bringing and design of plans in their communities. The FWB participants have continued to be contact and resource individuals as the plan has expanded ( Tsey, 2008 ) . Making Autochthonal people cardinal to plan bringing can be done by reconstructing the interface between the Aboriginal community and authorities by usage of representative constructions in which people can confer with and work with the Autochthonal people. Training and instruction are besides of import for capacity edifice but this should include altering from simple solutions such as taking kids from places to take them to get oning schools to a wider scope of schemes which build on the capacities and accomplishments of both grownups and immature people who still need to keep contact with their loved 1s even if they do go forth place for bett er instruction chances ( Berhendt, 2008 ) . Other ways of increasing Autochthonal people participation include increasing the figure of Autochthonal people who are engaged in development of Aboriginal policies particularly those working in the public service. Supplying flexible work systems that have the comprehension that most of the Indigenous community does non hold a feasible work force. This will help in supplying services to the community while at the same clip edifice accomplishments and capacity within the community ( Berhendt, 2008 ) . Most of the policy aiming Autochthonal people has ever been intercession or exigencies. The job with such an attack is that it seldom looks at the underlying issues therefore the long term jobs which need to be addressed are frequently non addressed. Disadvantage requires solutions that are long term instead than responding to a crisis. This means supplying equal resources for proviso of indispensable services and execution of plans that involve Autochthonal people. The usage of grounds based solutions will besides be necessary in a command to accomplish the autochthonal wellness and good being that is required. Research needs to be carried out after execution of plans to happen out how effectual these plans have been utilizing proper research methodological analysis. Where a plan is found to be successful the grounds behind its success can be identified and the plan possibly applied to another autochthonal community. Where failure has occurred, the grounds for the failure besides need to be identified so that these are non repeated. All in all the importance of inclusion of autochthonal people can non be overemphasized every bit good as a combination of bio-psycho-social constituents in pull offing the low societal indexs amongst the Autochthonal people. Ces Australian Bureau of Statistics. ( 2002 ) . National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey. Australian capital: Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS cat no 4714.0 ( 2004 ) Retrieved May 15, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/AE3942DB21AD4A27CA256EBB0079843D/ $ File/47140_2002.pdf Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. ( 2005 ) . Populating perilously: Aussies with multiple hazard factors for cardiovascular disease, Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Retrieved May 15, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10103 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2003, Statistics on drug usage in Australia 2002 Cat. No. PHE 43. Australian capital: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10103 Bernhardt L, 2009, The NT Intervention, An Analysis by Prof Larissa Behrendt, The Record, Winter 2009, St Vincent de Paul Society, pp 5-8 Commonwealth of Australia, 2007, Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.crikey.com.au/Media/docs/legis1-d58360ea-7506-4401-ba09- 32b7cde075fd.pdf Havnen O, 2007, NT Emergency Intervention, Paper presented at Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission ( HREOC ) Seminar ; The Northern Territory Emergency Response Legislation: A Human Rights Analysis, 17 September 2007 Canberra, Australia available at www.erc.org.au/index.php? module=documents A ; JAS Idaho. Pearson N 2007, Why are we speaking about societal norms? An debut to the Cape York Agenda, Cape York Institute Public Conference: Strong Foundations: Rebuilding societal norms in Autochthonal communities, 25th -26th June, 2007, Cairns, Queensland available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cyi.org.au/conference/documents/SpeakerPresentations/Forum % 20wit H % 20Noel % 20and % 20others.pdf Tsey K, Whiteside M, Daly B, Deemal A, Gibson, T, Cadet-James, Y, Wilson, A, Santhanam R, and Haswell M, 2005, Adapting the household wellbeing empowerment plan to the demands of remote Indigenous school kids, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 29 ( 2 ) : 112-116. Tsey K, and Every A, 2000, Measuring Aboriginal authorization plans: the instance of Family Well-Being, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 24 ( 5 ) , 509-514 Tsey K, 2008, Undertaking endemic substance maltreatment among Autochthonal Australians: the part of values-based household authorization instruction, Forum on Public policy available at www.forumonpublicpolicy.com/archivespring08/tsey.australia.pdf Please non that most of my beginnings are diaries and documents presented at seminars and conferences and studies produced by organisations which I have referenced right. that is how come there is no publishing house for the documents. From the mentions: studies include Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS cat no 4714.0 ( 2004 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005, Populating perilously: Aussies with multiple hazard factors for cardiovascular disease, Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2003, Statistics on drug usage in Australia 2002 Cat. No. PHE 43. Australian capital: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Commonwealth of Australia, 2007, Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia Documents presented at conferences include Havnen O, 2007, NT Emergency Intervention, Paper presented at Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission ( HREOC ) Seminar ; The Northern Territory Emergency Response Legislation: A Human Rights Analysis, 17 September 2007 Pearson N 2007, Why are we speaking about societal norms? An debut to the Cape York Agenda, Cape York Institute Public Conference: Strong Foundations: Rebuilding societal norms in Autochthonal communities, 25th -26th June, 2007, Cairns, Queensland Articles published in Journals include Bernhardt L, 2009, The NT Intervention, An Analysis by Prof Larissa Behrendt, The Record, Winter 2009, St Vincent de Paul Society, pp 5-8 Tsey K, Whiteside M, Daly B, Deemal A, Gibson, T, Cadet-James, Y, Wilson, A, Santhanam R, and Haswell M, 2005, Adapting the household wellbeing empowerment plan to the demands of remote Indigenous school kids, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 29 ( 2 ) : 112-116. Tsey K, and Every A, 2000, Measuring Aboriginal authorization plans: the instance of Family Well-Being, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 24 ( 5 ) , 509-514 Tsey K, 2008, Undertaking endemic substance maltreatment among Autochthonal Australians: the part of values-based household authorization instruction, Forum on Public policy available at

Law, Government and Politics in Canada exam Essay

Law, Government and Politics in Canada exam - Essay Example The Governor General also signs bills into law. He/she also commands the armed forces, calls for elections, appoints judges and hosts other relevant tasks. However, in practice, the Governor General’s duties are symbolic in nature. In approving the laws presented to him by the PM, his /her signature is referred to as royal assent, which is simply ceremonial. In the past 80 years, the Governor General has never failed to assent to a bill and has never removed PM from office. In addition, he/she has never denied appointment and never has he vetoed a law. These laws are not written; hence subject to discussions. In conclusion, I believe that the Governor General does not have significant political power since his/her powers are symbolic and are indeed delegated to him/her by the Queen. The powers are not significant because he/she follows what has already been decided upon by either the Queen, the PM, or the Cabinet. Being a symbolic post, I think Canada can still make it without the Governor General. However, being a royal country, this symbolic figure means a lot to the country; hence the relevance. In addition, the above duties entrusted to the Governor General are relevant, and they need someone to perform them (Bogart, 2005). Question 2 I agree with the Supreme Court’s response to question on whether Under the Constitution of Canada, the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec can affect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally. In fact, this was the best answer to that question that the constitution is more than what is written there. It contains global rules and principles that govern the authority of the constitution. The Supreme Court ruled out that the constitution contains a few provisions that can be misleading if interpreted without considering underlying principles of federalism, rule of law, democracy, respect for minorities, as well as the principle of constitutionalism. The Supreme Court argued that the constit ution is based upon these principles and that democracy does not simply mean ‘simple majority rule’. Indeed, it exists in other values, given that province people and those who live in the territories live interdependently. The court argued that that would be illegal and would only be possible if the majority of Quebecers votes favored secession, which would be followed by negotiations. This would mean that all parties would be satisfied because negotiations mean that each party gives out on something in order to reach a concession (Bogart, 2005). Overall, the court’s response to the reference questions does not harm Canadian national unity. On the contrary, it supports it when it declares that the people of Canada are closely interdependent through economically, culturally, socially and politically and that a decision that would favor secession would put the strong ties at risk. To preserve national unity, the Supreme Court rule that province secession could not be come up unilaterally, under the constitution and that negotiations were necessary to reach a conclusion. The decision put into consideration, the fact that all participants have a right to contribute to constitution change through continuous discussions. In that decision, the Supreme Court added that rights of others must be respected by Quebec, and vice versa. Negotiation results would be final,

How telecommuting can negatively impact innovation at work Essay

How telecommuting can negatively impact innovation at work - Essay Example As Gajendran & Harrison (2007), points out, telecommuting minimizes feedback, coordination, and supervision. One of these alterations is how employees are supervised. For instance, telecommuting removes the employee from the viewing area of the supervisor and impedes the supervisor from being able to observe the performance of the employers directly. For another thing, the employee’s dependence on the supervisor is reduced, employees will have to work out more inventiveness and might have to make extra decisions on their own, because a supervisor will not be available to guide them stage by stage. This can bring effects to the organization whenever employees come up with bad decisions. Moreover, telecommuting reduces in-person contacts if your clienteles are adapted to high-level direct contact with the workers that handle their activities. Additionally, telecommuting reduces the workforce in the office, and this leads to stress in the non-commuting employees. Turetken et al. (2011), states that those workers that stay in the offices tend to feel left out of the advantages of telecommuting, such as flexible hours and feel bitter that their colleagues have the choice of working in a more relaxed place. Also, if there is no update on the communication systems of the organization to replicate a disseminated workforce, the non-telecommuting staff might experience an amplified workload and the weight of the client communication problem. Telecommuters might have a difficult time building and retaining relationships with their co-workers, which might interfere with the overall job satisfaction and productivity. Since relations often lead to confidence and operational collaboration, telecommuting can deteriorate the complete atmosphere. On the other hand, telecommuting can impair teamwork. Workers who usually work together phy sically will require ways to present and review work, specifically on a casual level. Therefore, there might be a depression in productivity

The Skin and Sensation Physiology

The Skin and Sensation Physiology The Skin and Sensation Physiology Introduction Skin is the largest organ of our body that protects us from microbes and helps to regulate our body temperature. It contains different kinds of sensory receptors that respond to variety of stimuli: mechanical, thermal and chemical. The general receptors of the body react to touch, pressure, temperature, pain and change of the environment. The encapsulated receptors which include free nerve endings may sense pain and temperature; Merkels discs, which sense light pressure and root hair plexuses that sense touch by the movement of the hairs. While the encapsulated receptors are enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue which are the Meisnner’s, Pacinian and Ruffini’s corpuscles. The density of skin receptors is greater in areas that are designed to sense our environment. These receptors convey the information to the CNS thus, any stimulus should be of threshold magnitude in order to detect. The sensory system have a limit of its sensitivity therefore, stimulus below minim um magnitude cannot elicit a response. The cutaneous receptors are scattered throughout the skin and the underlying fascia. These receptors are the mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocireceptors and proprioreceptors that are sensitive to a certain stimuli. Sensation is defined as a state of awareness of the internal and external environment. There are four criteria to be considered in order for a sensation to occur. First is the stimulus, the change in the environment in which we should be aware of. Next, there should be a receptor- a cell or organ which is sensitive to the stimulus. There must also have an afferent nerve pathway that will carry the signal to the CNS and lastly, there should be sensory cortex where the signals was analyzed and interpreted. Hence, this activity aims to demonstrate the sensation acuity using various models in tactile localization and adaption, to determine relative sensitivity of selected areas of the skin and to be able to understand the different features of sensation in relation to various stimuli, adaptation and after image phenomenon. Methodology Tactile Distribution: Two-point Sensibility Begin the test by asking the subject to close his eye. Using a vernier caliper, test the ability of the subject to differentiate two distinct sensations by setting the vernier caliper at the distance with points close together and gradually increasing one or two points until the subject has reached the sensation when the skin is touch simultaneously at two points. Record the distance in which the subject first felt the two-point threshold and repeat two trials for each body area listed below. Back of the neck or nape area Fingertip Forearm (supine position) Tip of nose Palm of hand Tongue Upper arm Thigh area Leg area Tactile Localization Begin the test by asking the subject to close his eyes. Using a pencil tip, touch the skin of the test subject until it leaves an indentation. Then ask the subject to locate the exact spot using the pencil tips. Measure the error of localization using the vernier caliper and repeat twice for each body location listed below. Observe the localization of improvement. Palm Fingertips Forearm (dorsal side) Forearm (ventral side) Lips Thigh region Touch Receptor Adaptation Begin the test by asking the subject to sit and close its eyes. Place a coin on the forearm (antecubital fossa) of the subject. Record the time of how long it takes until the sensation cease. Once the sensation has ceased, add coins of the same size and record the time of pressure sensation. Repeat the same procedure on the other forearm and compare the observations. Ask the subject to close his eyes. Using a pencil tip, run the tip over the strand of hair and slowly pulling it up until the hair spring away from the tip. Ask the subject in which the sensation is greater when the hair is being bend or when it springs back. Weber’s Law: Sensation Intensity Difference Begin the test by asking the subject to sit on a bench and place his hand on the arm rest with eyes close. Put the 2-inch square cardboard on the distal phalanges of his index and middle finger. Gradually add 10 gram weight in the cardboard and ask the subject if he felt the weight. After the subjects feel the weight, remove the cardboard unto the finger and add additional weight from 1 to 5 grams, until he felt the weight increases and compared it with the initial weight. Record the weight increment that produced an added weight sensation. Test other initial weights at 50, 100 and 200 grams and get the Weber’s fraction. Temperature Adaptation and Negative After-Image Prepare three 1000 ml beakers with ice water, water at room temperature and waterbath at 50oC and assign each container into cold, room temperature and warm water. Ask the subject to immerse each of his hand on the cold and warm water for two minutes. Record which hands adapts faster in the said temperature. Then rapidly immerse both hands in the waterbath. Describe the sensation on each hand. Referred Pain Ask the subject to place his elbow in ice water for 2-3 minutes. Are there any changes in sensation localization? Record your observation. Results Various models in tactile localization and adaptation were used on selected areas of the skin for the demonstration of sensation acuity and relative sensitivity of the skin. Also, various stimuli, adaptation and afterimage phenomenon were also applied to understand different features of sensation. The following tables show the results on each exercises performed in this activity. Table 1. Two-Point Sensibility. The table above displays the results taken from the tactile distribution procedure for the two point sensitivity of different areas of the skin. Each area was applied with tactile stimuli from the caliper tips and the distance was recorded once the person had made a distinction of two-points. For the head portion or medial part of the body, the nape area or the back of the neck, the tip of the nose and the tongue got a threshold of 10mm, 8mm and 4mm, respectively. For the upper extremities, the fingertip, the palm of hand, the forearm in supine position and the upper arm got a threshold of 2mm, 8mm, 31mm, and 34mm, respectively. Lastly, for the lower extremities, the thigh area and the leg area got a threshold of 32mm and 36mm, respectively. Out of the nine different areas of the body where the stimuli was applied, the fingertip is noted to be having the most sensitive area while the leg area is the least among them all. Table 2. Tactile Localization. The table above displays the results taken from the tactile localization procedure of different areas of the skin. Two trials were performed and their difference measures the error of localization on each area. The fingertips and the lips received no error of localization since the subject had pointed the exact location of the indentation twice. This amount of error was followed by the palm having an error of localization of 1mm since the subject had pointed the indentation from a distance of 6mm on the 1st trial and 5mm on the 2nd trial. This was then followed by the thigh area, the dorsal part of the forearm and finally the ventral part of the forearm having an error of localization of 5mm, 6mm and 16mm, respectively. Noticeably, the fingertips and the lips had the least error since it received no error at all as compared to the ventral portion of the forearm that had the most error of them all. Table 3.a. Adaptation of Touch Receptors. The table above displays the results taken from the touch receptors adaptation procedure applied on the right and left forearm. The subject had a coin placed on its forearm with the time recorded once it can’t feel the weight of the coin anymore. The right forearm’s distinction is 5.1 seconds for one coin and 9.3 seconds for doubled while the left forearm’s distinction is 4.5 seconds for one coin and 8.8 seconds for doubled. This shows that the subject’s left forearm adapts faster than its right forearm. The difference of time in distinction was measured through subtracting the seconds felt by the right forearm to the left forearm. Having doubled coin received a less difference of time in distinction than having a single coin since the recorded seconds are 0.5 seconds and 0.6, respectively. It is also noticeable that the sense of pressure is shorter when there is only one coin then, returned but got longer after the addition of coins. Table 3.b. Adaptation of Touch Receptors. (++) = felt most; (+) = slightly felt; (-) = not felt Another adaptation procedure was performed using the subject’s hair and the results are being shown on the table above. Its hair strand was bent and sprung back using a pencil tip. The subject responded that the sensation felt greater when the hair was sprang back and least when it was bent. Table 4. Sensation Intensity Difference. The table above displays the results taken from the sensation intensity difference procedure of the fingers using Weber’s Law. Different initial weights were given to the subject’s two fingers which response was recorded after adding additional weights for the intensity difference. The Weber’s fraction came from the quotient of the two weights as how the formula displays on the table above. It is noticeable that the 10g weight got the most Weber’s fraction of 0.3 as compare to the other three weights – 50g, 100g and 200g – that got the same 0.1 Weber’s fraction. Table 5. Temperature Adaptation and Negative After-Image. (+) = adapts faster; (-) = adapts slowly/not adapting The table above displays the results taken from the temperature adaptation and negative afterimage procedure of the two hands exposed on different temperatures. With hands in each beaker, the hand that is placed on warm water adapts faster than the ones in the cold water. When both hands were transferred onto the third beaker containing room temperature water, the ones exposed on cold water earlier adapts too slow – â€Å"like it had gone numb† as compare to the ones exposed on warm water earlier. Table 6. Referred Pain. (+) = present sensation felt; (-) = no sensation felt The table above displays the results taken from the referred pain procedure applied at the elbow and had affected the sensation of the arm. After the elbow was dipped on an ice water for 2 minutes, the subject responded that the sensation had a change in location. It was then recorded that the location of the sensation is now felt on the upper arm. Discussion Conclusion The skin, the largest organ of the body and its somatosensory system or touch system, allows the human body to perceive the physical sensations of pressure, temperature, pain, experience texture and temperature and perceive the position and movement of the bodys muscles and joints. Using various models and procedures, several accounts were recorded including the lips and fingertips as the most sensitive and the more intense weights and temperature as the slowest to be adapted. These are all due to the receptor cells found in the skin that can be broken down into three functional categories: mechanoreceptors that sense different ranges of pressure and texture, thermoreceptors that sense and detect changes in temperature, and nociceptors that sense pain ranging from acute and easy to tolerate to chronic and intolerable. Literature Cited Boundless. â€Å"Skin and Body Senses: Pressure, Temperature, and Pain.† Boundless Psychology. Boundless, 06 Oct. 2014. Retrieved 16 Jan. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/sensation-and-perception-5/sensory-processes-38/skin-and-body-senses-pressure-temperature-and-pain-165-12700/ Experiencing Sensation and Perception. Chapter 12: Skin Senses. Retrieved from January 17, 2015. Available at: http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/sensation/chapters/Chapter 12.pdf. Touch. Retrieved from January 17, 2015. Available at: http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/634/Touch.html

Orhan Seyfi Ari :: History

Orhan Seyfi Ari An Idealist and Visionary (1918-1992) â€Å"A luminary to so many teachers†(Editorial in ‘Halkin Sesi’ of 27 December 1992) A School Teacher's Mark on Educational History, Teaching, Social Culture Of those who wrote about him in English/American, in Turkish, in Greek –book-magazine-newspaper articles and officially and privately (in England, Cyprus, Australia).. to a poet he was a star –in his poem, to a columnist an eminent school, to an author a remarkable man, to an editor a defender of liberties, to a writer an honour to have known, and to a researcher ‘Such nice things I have heard about him!’... To the Secretary of State for Education he was ‘the teacher of teachers’ –inscribed on his tomb, a university professor’s condolences from Turkey were to his nation –who in his honour named a street after him. Orhan Ari was born in Lapithiou -Paphos, in the, at the time, British colony of Cyprus.. after completing his secondary and high-school education in Nicosia, and upon qualifying through Morphou Teachers Training College, he also studied agriculture†¦ With a keen interest in his continuing professional development through courses and seminars, and as to the rest mostly self-educated, he has left his unmistakeable mark in the educational, cultural, ethical, social, progress and development of Cyprus. He had been a secondary school teacher, a head teacher, a lecturer; an occasional columnist, in his personal circle of friends also a debater, mystic, poet.. in retirement he was invited overseas to inspect schools, and to give talks to cultural organisations†¦ He was a true and courageous leader of both pupils and peoples ~his extraordinary motivating skills had made him a choice of the British for the pioneering educational and socio-cultural development of many of the country’s peoples, and popular in both the Turkish and Greek communities –having taught at also British schools pupils varying from Armenian to English etc., also after political independence, while later in the course of his community’s adapting to the Turkish system of education (as may be suggested by some of his symbolic poems) he appears to have been officially perhaps less appreciated, upon his peacefully passing away –as a cleric of a couple of years in his retirement to make ends meet, the press having praised also his patriotism, the Leader of the Parliament of the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus described him as having made both the state and the nation proud as â€Å"A successful modern educator.